tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-46091014962248953672024-02-08T03:34:49.992-08:00Terik Hashmi, Business Consultant, Comments on recent legal developmentsTerik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comBlogger33125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-75775978184661789002018-07-14T15:15:00.001-07:002018-07-15T15:52:59.171-07:00Seminar on Online Reputation Management (ORM) for Lawyers <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Seminar
on Online Reputation Management (ORM) for Lawyers in Washington, DC a success</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Online Reputation Management has become a crucial issue for
sole attorney practitioners and small law firms.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Business Consultant Terik Hashmi taught a one-day seminar
in Washington DC on July 8 at a convention hotel, specifically for lawyers on
how to manage their Online Reputation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Online Reputation Management (ORM) has become a major issue,
especially for sole practitioners and small law firms. With today’s internet, it
has become very easy for anybody, not just actual clients, to post negative
information about lawyers. In fact, the overall impression is that most
comments and reviews are at least in part negative. Combined with economic
pressures, this has created an issue of utmost importance to legal
practitioners.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“Online Reputation Management is an issue that attorneys
cannot disregard,” explains Mr. Hashmi. “I have been in the profession long
enough to have seen what has happened since the early 1990s. The problems for
the profession result in large part from law schools cranking out too many
lawyers, and the internet developing and creating free or low-cost alternatives
to lawyer services such as free websites with all kinds of legal information.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The about 30 participants had many questions and concerns,
including:</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">-“What to do about negative comments on review sites such
as Yelp.” Mr. Hashmi in general recommends not to voluntarily engage with such
sites because there are always the so-called “vandals” who post negative
information just for the sake of posting negative information (cyber
vandalism). Previously, vandals spray-painted subway trains. Today they post
negative comments on the internet.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">-“I do not have time to keep up with the internet.” Mr.
Hashmi responded that this attitude carries great risks as life on the internet
goes on regardless. One may not even notice what information is being posted on
the internet, and only wonder why income is going down. In many cases, the
answer can be found by googling one’s name.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">-“What to do if an attorney as been sanctioned by the bar
or a court (reprimand/suspension).” Today, in the age of the internet, the
attorney disciplinary system has become a serious problem especially for sole
practitioners and small firms, as disciplinary sanctions such as reprimands or
suspensions are published widely on the internet and never go away. Consumers
“research” on the internet, meaning they run a Google search. Hundreds of
attorneys are sanctioned every month by the disciplinary systems, and many bar
associations publish these sanctions on their websites and in press releases.
The result is that they appear at the very top of any Google search. This
situation is aggravated by the fact that most attorneys are focused on running
their law practice and have no positive information published to counterbalance
the negative posts.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mr. Hashmi has researched these issues for many months, and
has interviewed many experts in online reputation management, reputation
management companies, and practicing attorneys. He is preparing a book based on
his research, which will be published in the coming weeks.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">About</span></b><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in
the marketing realm. Among his clients is an Online Reputation Management
company. He previously published a book on successfully applying for jobs
(published by TIA publishers, Germany, available on www.amazon.com). He holds
two bachelor degrees in Political Science and in Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs
(Miami University, Ohio), a Juris Doctor from Cleveland-Marshall College of Law
(Cleveland, Ohio), and a Master of Laws (LL.M.) from McGeorge School of Law
(Sacramento, California). He has assisted notable businesses and people,
including former President of Venezuela, Carlos Andres Perez, to prevent his
forced removal from the U.S. and potential execution at the hands of Venezuelan
strongman Hugo Chavez. Terik Hashmi is a former Professional Basketball Player
during the 1988-1989 season (European A League – “Club Centz” Luxembourg),
where he had the opportunity to compete and travel throughout all European
nations.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">His profile is at: https://solomonlawguild.com/</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Additional news about Terik Hashmi can be found at: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#63a6f99b-e82f-47bb-bfc9-8349f91933f4</span></div>
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-10778460263024461872018-07-14T15:14:00.001-07:002018-07-15T15:53:48.211-07:00Miami-based business consultant Terik Hashmi announced the completion of his study & book on Online Reputation Management (ORM), specifically for lawyers. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Miami-based business consultant Terik Hashmi announced the
completion of his study & book on Online Reputation Management (ORM),
specifically for lawyers. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">At the pre-publication reception at an art Galleria in the
chic Garment District of Miami, Mr. Hashmi announced that the book will be
available soon on Amazon and other outlets.</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">“I noticed a particular need for more information about
Online Reputation Management for Lawyers,” explained Mr. Hashmi at the event.
“Being an attorney by training myself, I have seen first-hand what the internet
has done to the entire profession. First of all, even while the economy was
under pressure to cut costs in the 1990s, law schools continued to mint new
lawyers. Then the internet took flight, creating lawyer-substitutes such as
Legalzoom that increase the pressure on the profession. And as if that was not
enough, now everybody can post negative opinions about attorneys anywhere on
the internet, from Yelp to setting up a hate blog about lawyers. If you are a
lawyer, how do you deal with that?”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mr. Hashmi has spent months researching this book and
conducting countless interviews with practicing attorneys and professionals in
the area of Online Reputation Management (ORM). Among his findings were, as to
Online Reputation Management, that most attorneys focus on comments posted
about them rather than positive information in general. The result is that an
attorney about whom a negative comment has been published attempts to rectify
the situation, rather than publicizing positive information that will have a
tendency to supersede any negative comment. The conclusion is that it is
difficult to improve one’s reputation with online comments. There as to be
substance that is recognized by search engines such as Google as "valuable"
to other users. “Content is more important than Comment,” quipped Mr. Hashmi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Another conclusion is that no practicing attorney can
neglect his or her online reputation. Explains Mr. Hashmi: “Just one look at
job ads on Craigslist shows you the economic pressure on the legal profession.
You’ll see attorney jobs advertised at $22 or $25 per hour. It is hard to make
a living at such rates with a $100,000 in student loans. If you add bad online
reputation to the mix, the result is that you cannot make money in law. Thus,
you must address your online reputation unless you chose to wear a scarlet
letter in public and be broke.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Mr. Hashmi thanked in particular his editor, Timeless
Words. The book is expected to be available on www.amazon.com shortly.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">About</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in
the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an
Online Reputation Management company. He previously published a book on
successfully applying for jobs (published by TIA publishers, Germany, available
on www.amazon.com). He holds two bachelor degrees in Political Science and in
Diplomacy & Foreign Affairs (Miami University, Ohio), a Juris Doctor from
Cleveland-Marshall College of Law (Cleveland, Ohio), and a Master of Laws
(LL.M.) from McGeorge School of Law (Sacramento, California). He has assisted
notable businesses and people, including former President of Venezuela, Carlos
Andres Perez, to prevent his forced removal from the U.S. and potential
execution at the hands of Venezuelan strongman Hugo Chavez. Terik Hashmi is a
former Professional Basketball Player during the 1988-1989 season (European A
League – “Club Centz” Luxembourg), where he had the opportunity to compete and
travel throughout all European nations.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-42826703652953237732018-07-14T15:13:00.001-07:002018-07-15T15:54:41.224-07:00In copyright infringement case against German media conglomerate, Ninth Circuit rules that, in civil case in which party seeks outright disclosure of attorney‑client communications under crime‑fraud exception: (1) both parties have right to present evidence to district court, and (2) party seeking disclosure must prove by preponderance of evidence that exception applies; and (3) on facts of this case, Plaintiffs have not established crime‑fraud exception<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>In copyright infringement case against German media
conglomerate, Ninth Circuit rules that, in civil case in which party seeks
outright disclosure of attorney‑client communications under crime‑fraud
exception: (1) both parties have right to present evidence to district court,
and (2) party seeking disclosure must prove by preponderance of evidence that
exception applies; and (3) on facts of this case, Plaintiffs have not
established crime‑fraud exception</b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
In the main litigation transferred to a California federal
court, UMG Recording, Inc. and nineteen other media companies and individuals
(Plaintiffs), sued Bertelsmann AG (Defendant), a German media conglomerate,
along with Bertelsmann, Inc. and seven other Defendants, both individuals and
partnerships. Many of the copyright issues raised arise out of the demise and
bankruptcy of Napster, the online file‑sharing music service also pending in
the same court. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The complaint asserted Defendant’s vicarious and
contributory liability for alleged copyright infringement based on Defendants’
substantial loans to Napster which thereby involved itself in Napster’s alleged
infringements of Plaintiffs’ copyrights. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Plaintiffs alleged, inter alia, that Napster’s service
facilitated the unauthorized reproduction and distribution of copyrighted
digital music files. In July 2000, the district court ordered Napster to search
for, and remove from its service, files that rights holders had identified as
infringing. The Ninth Circuit substantially affirmed in February 2001. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Napster’s service was shut down in July 2001 after it failed
to comply with the terms of a modified preliminary injunction. In June 2002,
Napster filed for bankruptcy before the courts had ruled on its ultimate
liability for copyright infringement.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Between October 2000 and October 2001, Defendant lent
Napster about $85 million to finance its looked for transition to a licensed
digital music distribution system. Napster failed fully to launch the new
licensed system, however, before declaring bankruptcy. Defendant did not come
away with Napster’s assets in the bankruptcy proceedings.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In April 2003, Plaintiffs and others separately filed suit
against Defendant in a New York federal court, claiming that Defendant was
vicariously and contributorily liable for copyright infringement by Napster
and/or Napster’s users. More particularly, Plaintiffs claimed that, by lending
Napster millions of dollars, Defendant took effective control over Napster’s
infringing file‑sharing service, and prolonged its allegedly unlawful
operations. </div>
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The plan was seemingly to avoid the loss of Napster’s 40
million or so users before the new licensed digital music distribution system
became functional. The Multidistrict Litigation Panel transferred Plaintiffs’
suits against Defendant to the Northern District of California, where the In re
Napster, Inc. Copyright Litigation was pending.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Defendant moved to dismiss Plaintiffs’ suits for failure to
state a claim in July 2003. It argued that, as a matter of law, merely lending
money to an alleged copyright infringer cannot give rise to liability under
either a vicarious or contributory copyright infringement theory. Defendant
further contended that its loan did not enable it to take control of Napster.
The district court denied Defendant’s motion.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
In November 2005, Plaintiffs moved to compel Defendant to
produce all attorney‑client communications relating to a $50 million loan,
convertible to equity, that Defendant had made to Napster in October 2000 while
Napster was appealing the initial preliminary injunction. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Plaintiffs charged that, starting in September 2000 when
drafting of the loan documents began, Defendant had taken part in a continuing
scheme to defraud the courts. They argued that the crime‑fraud exception to the
attorney‑client privilege applied to these communications relying on two
theories of “fraudulent deceit” as defined in the California Civil Code. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
First, Plaintiffs argued that Defendant’s “loan” to Napster
was not in fact a loan. Instead, it consisted of cash tendered in exchange for
an equity stake in the company. According to Plaintiffs, Defendant had its
lawyers create sham loan documents aimed at disguising what was, in reality, a
purchase of control over Napster. Plaintiffs further charged that Defendant,
looking to future copyright infringement litigation, planned to use the
spurious loan documents to hoodwink the courts into deciding that it was not an
equity owner and thus was not liable for Napster’s wrongful actions.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
In support of its “sham loan” theory, Plaintiffs pointed to
several pieces of circumstantial evidence. They cited internal Defendant
documents showing that the company’s executives and outside counsel tried to
structure the transaction in such a way as to avoid copyright liability. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Moreover, by its express terms, the $50 million loan was
convertible to equity in Napster in lieu of repayment once the licensed digital
music distribution system got off the ground. In one e‑mail, for instance,
counsel for Defendant stated that the “loan has to look like a loan, otherwise
it will be characterized as equity and [Defendant] may have liability for
copyright infringement in the minds of some lawyers.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Under their second fraud theory, Plaintiffs contended that
Defendant, through its lawyers, was trying to defraud the courts by omitting
from the loan documents a secret “side agreement;” it allowed Napster to
channel some of the $50 million into paying Napster’s litigation expenses.
Plaintiffs argued that Defendant stood to benefit if continuing litigation
allowed Napster’s existing service to stay operational until the anticipated
new system was in place, thereby avoiding dispersion of the customer base.
Plaintiffs cited several e‑mails in support of this theory plus other
circumstantial evidence gleaned from discovery depositions. </div>
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In opposition, Defendant protested that evidence that it
structured a corporate transaction to limit its liability did not prove either
that the loan documents were a sham or that they were meant to defraud the
courts. Defendant further contended that there was no such thing as a secret
side agreement about litigation expenses. It cited various items of testimony
in discovery depositions and elsewhere to support its position. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
On April 20, 2006, the district court issued an order
compelling Defendant to reveal all attorney‑client communications which had to
do with the creation of the loan document and the use of that loan document in
the bankruptcy proceedings and before the district court. The court held that
Plaintiffs had made out a “prima facie” showing that the crime‑fraud exception
applied under Ninth Circuit precedent, describing this test as “quite lenient.”
</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The lower court also ruled that, in deciding whether the
crime‑fraud exception applied, it “need only consider the evidence offered by
the moving party,” and that it does not have to take into account “conflicting
evidence offered by the party seeking to uphold the privilege.” The court cited
several items of evidence offered by Plaintiffs and said that, in any event,
Defendant’s counter‑evidence would not have persuaded it. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
After assessing the facts, the district court upheld the
Defendant’s privilege and rejected the Plaintiffs’ crime or fraud contentions.
Plaintiffs then filed an interlocutory appeal and a petition for mandamus. On
March 14 , the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reverses and
remands.</div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The underlying litigation being far from yielding a “final
judgment” under 28 U.S.C. Section 1291, the Court of Appeals concludes it has
appellate jurisdiction under the “collateral offshoot” doctrine. The issue in
this interlocutory appeal is whether Plaintiffs may invade Defendant’s attorney‑client
privilege because Defendant used, or intended to use, its counsel to commit a
fraud on the courts. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
“We conclude that the attorney‑client privilege issue
presented in this interlocutory appeal is ‘completely separate from the merits
of the action.’ That is, the privilege issue is ‘too important to be denied
review and too independent of the cause itself to require that appellate
consideration be deferred until the whole case is adjudicated.’ Cohen v.
Beneficial Industrial Loan Corp., 337 U.S. 541, 546 (1949).” The Court,
therefore, need not reach the questions posed by the mandamus petition. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court then launches on the thorny questions presented.
“The attorney‑client privilege is the oldest and arguably most fundamental of
the common law privileges recognized under Federal Rule of Evidence 501. See
United States v. Zolin, 491 U.S. 554, 562 (1989). The assurance of
confidentiality promotes open attorney‑client communications, which are
‘central to the legal system and the adversary process.’ United States v. Hodge
& Zweig, 548 F.2d 1347, 1355 (9th Cir. 1977). The attorney‑client privilege
protects fundamental liberty interests by allowing individuals to seek the
legal advice they need ‘to guide them through [the] thickets’ of complex laws.
United States v. Chen, 99 F.3d 1495, 1499 (9th Cir. 1996).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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“Notwithstanding its importance, the attorney‑client
privilege is not absolute. The ‘crime‑fraud exception’ to the privilege
protects against abuse of the attorney‑client relationship. Hodge & Zweig,
id. As the Supreme Court wrote in Clark v. United States, 289 U.S. 1 (1933),
‘The privilege takes flight if the relation is abused. A client who consults an
attorney for advice that will serve him in the commission of a fraud will have
no help from the law. He must let the truth be told.’ Id. at 15.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The attorney need not have been aware that the client
harbored an improper purpose. Because both the legal advice and the privilege
are for the benefit of the client, it is the client’s knowledge and intent that
are relevant. [Cites]. The planned crime or fraud need not have succeeded for
the exception to apply. The client’s abuse of the attorney‑client relationship,
not his or her successful criminal or fraudulent act, vitiates the privilege.
[Cite]. Despite the fundamental importance and long history of the attorney‑client
privilege and the crime‑fraud exception, the procedures for preserving the
privilege against a crime‑fraud challenge are surprisingly unclear.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
“Among [the unanswered questions are], first, what
procedures are to be followed when an order to compel outright disclosure
(rather than in camera review) is at stake? Second, what is the burden of proof
on the party seeking to compel outright disclosure under the crime‑fraud
exception?” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The two questions relevant to this appeal are subsets of
the questions noted above that were left unanswered by Zolin. First, in a civil
case, should the district court consider not only the evidence adduced by the
party seeking to vitiate the attorney‑client privilege by invoking the crime‑fraud
exception, but also the evidence adduced by the party seeking to preserve the
privilege? Second, in a civil case, what is the burden of proof for the party
seeking to establish the crime‑fraud exception? We address these questions in
turn.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“We begin our analysis with Zolin, in which the Internal
Revenue Service sought to vitiate the attorney‑client privilege under the crime‑fraud
exception. The question in Zolin was whether a party seeking to establish that
the crime‑fraud exception applies must rely entirely on sources independent of
the disputed attorney‑client communications, or whether a district court ‘may
ever honor’ a request that it conduct in camera review of some of the
communications to assist in the determination that the privilege has been
vitiated. Zolin supra, at 560‑61, 565.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The Court first looked to Federal Rule of Evidence 104(a),
which provides that ‘[p]reliminary questions concerning . . . the existence of
a privilege . . . shall be determined by the court . . . . In making its
determination it is not bound by the rules of evidence except those with
respect to privileges.’ Zolin, supra at 565. Neither [side] in this case
requested that the district court conduct in camera review of the disputed
communications.”</div>
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</div>
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</span>
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<div class="WordSection5">
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“We have never squarely ruled on the question whether a
party in a civil case, seeking to preserve the attorney‑client privilege
against a crime‑fraud challenge, has the right to present countervailing
evidence when the district court is deciding whether to order outright
disclosure. ...We hold that in civil cases where outright disclosure is
requested, the party seeking to preserve the privilege has the right to
introduce countervailing evidence. In so holding, we agree with the well‑reasoned
decision of Judge Aldisert for the Third Circuit in Haines v. Liggett Group,
Inc., 975 F.2d 81, 96‑97 (3d Cir. 1992). That court wrote: ‘Deciding whether
the crime‑fraud exception applies is another matter [from deciding whether to
conduct in camera review]. If the party seeking to apply the exception has made
its initial showing, then a more formal procedure is required than that
entitling plaintiff to in camera review. The importance of the privilege, ...
as well as fundamental concepts of due process require that the party defending
the privilege be given the opportunity to be heard, by evidence and argument,
at the hearing seeking an exception to the privilege.’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“We are not convinced that in all cases it is necessary for
the district court to conduct a live hearing with oral argument; in appropriate
cases, the court may decide the matter on the papers. But we are convinced, ...
that, in a civil case, the party resisting an order to disclose materials
allegedly protected by the attorney‑client privilege must be given the
opportunity to present evidence and argument in support of its claim of
privilege.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The second key point addressed by the Appellate Court deals
with burden of persuasion issues. “The Court in Zolin adhered to the cryptic
statement made more than fifty years earlier in Clark that the burden of proof
on the party seeking to vitiate a privilege was to make ‘a showing of a prima
facie case sufficient to satisfy the judge that the light should be let in.’
Clark, supra, at 14.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“We have never squarely addressed the question whether our ‘reasonable
cause to believe’ standard, applicable in grand jury cases, is also applicable
in civil cases. In [cite], a criminal appeal rather than a grand jury case, we
wrote without elaboration: ‘All the government needed to show was evidence
that, if believed by the jury, would establish the elements of an ongoing
violation.’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“For several reasons, we conclude that, in a civil case, the
burden of proof that must be carried by a party seeking outright disclosure of
attorney‑client communications under the crime‑fraud exception should be
preponderance of the evidence. First, requiring a moving party to establish the
existence of the crime‑fraud exception by a preponderance of the evidence is
consonant with the importance of the attorney‑client privilege.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Second, the phrase ‘prima facie case,’ used by the Court in
Clark and then fifty years later in Zolin, is not inconsistent with a
preponderance of the evidence standard. ... As it relates to the crime‑fraud
exception, ‘[t]he prima facie standard has always been poorly defined,
inconsistently interpreted and generally misunderstood.’ Paul R. Rice, Attorney‑Client
Privilege in the United States Section 8.6, at 44 (2d ed. 1999).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Zolin is therefore not directly on point, but we believe
that it signals that preliminary questions concerning the existence or non‑existence
of the attorney‑client privilege—including whether the crime‑fraud exception
‘terminate[s] the privilege,’—must be established under Rule 104(a). And we
know from Bourjaily v. United States, 483 U.S. 171 (1987), that preliminary
questions of fact under Rule 104(a) must be established by a preponderance of
the evidence.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Finally, the problem of limited access to proof by the
party seeking to vitiate the attorney‑client privilege is mitigated by the
possibility of in camera review of the communications by the district court
under the far less demanding standard of Zolin. We do not regard in camera
review as a panacea, for a ‘blanket rule allowing in camera review ... would
place the policy of protecting open and legitimate disclosure between attorneys
and clients at undue risk.’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“But judicious use of in camera review, combined with a
preponderance burden for terminating privilege, strikes a better balance
between the importance of the attorney‑client privilege and deterrence of its
abuse than a low threshold for outright disclosure. Looking at the evidence
presented in this case under the preponderance standard, we hold that even if
all of the evidence proffered by [Plaintiffs] is believed, there is an
insufficient basis to hold that the attorney‑client privilege may be vitiated
under the crime‑fraud exception.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“... [Plaintiffs] rely on two theories of fraud on the
court. The first is that the entire loan was a sham intended for use in future
legal proceedings as a means of disguising [Defendant’s] purchase of control of
Napster. [Plaintiffs’] second theory is that [Defendant] undertook a scheme to
defraud the courts by hiding a side agreement that allowed Napster to use a
portion of the loan proceeds to pay its litigation expenses.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Even if we credit the Barry e‑mail, the Timm memorandum,
and the Barry deposition testimony relied on by the district court, and even if
we conclude that [Defendant] agreed with Napster that the term ‘overhead costs’
in the loan documents would include litigation expenses, we would not conclude
that this evidence establishes an intentional, material misrepresentation
directly ‘aimed at the court.’” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Taken either alone or along with [Defendant’s] evidence,
[Plaintiffs’] evidence does not establish that the loan terms constituted a
fraud. Rather, the evidence shows routine wrangling over contract terms and a
lawyerly attempt to make inconspicuous the fact that some of the money could be
used for litigation expenses. Second, even if we were to conclude that the
written terms of the loan misrepresented the parties’ agreement to allow some
of the funds to be used for litigation expenses, [Plaintiffs’] evidence nowhere
suggests that [Defendant] selected these terms with the intent to defraud the
courts.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Third, even assuming, arguendo, that [Defendant’s] failure
to spell out in the loan documents that ‘overhead costs’ included litigation
expenses was an intentional misrepresentation, we do not see how it could have
deceived a court into concluding that Bertelsmann provided no financial support
to, or had no financial stake in, the existing Napster company.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
“For the foregoing reasons, in a civil case in which
outright disclosure of attorney‑client communications is sought under the crime‑fraud
exception, we hold that (1) both parties have a right to present evidence to
the district court, and (2) the party seeking disclosure must prove by a
preponderance of the evidence that the exception applies. We further hold that
on the facts of this case the crime‑fraud exception has not been established.”
[Slip op. 7‑15].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>In re: Napster, Inc. Copyright Litigation,
479 F.3d 1078 (9th Cir. 2007).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-20881756690905694242018-07-14T15:12:00.003-07:002018-07-15T15:55:26.306-07:00In case filed against Portugal by Budweiser (U.S.), European Court of Human Rights rules that Portuguese courts had accorded fair treatment to contentions by Budweiser and its Czechoslovakian respondent as to which party was entitled to copyright protection of name “Budweiser” under Portuguese law and treaty with Czechoslovakia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
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<b>In case filed against Portugal by Budweiser (U.S.),
European Court of Human Rights rules that Portuguese courts had accorded fair
treatment to contentions by Budweiser and its Czechoslovakian respondent as to
which party was entitled to copyright protection of name “Budweiser” under
Portuguese law and treaty with Czechoslovakia</b></div>
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On January 11 last, the European Court of Human Rights
(ECHR) ruled against Budweiser (U.S.) (Applicant) on a copyright matter. The
Court held, by 15 votes to two, that, in ruling against Applicant, the
Portuguese courts did not breach Article 1 of Protocol 1 of the European
Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms [312
U.N.T.S. 221, E.T.S. 5, in force Sept. 21, 1970, as amended.] Its key provision
is that “Every natural or legal person is entitled to the enjoyment of his
possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public
interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general
principles of international law.” The property right at issue here is the
Applicant’s “Budweiser” trade mark.</div>
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Applicant had contended that, under international law, trade
mark protection becomes effective as of the date on which its owner filed its
application to register. Therefore, the 1986 copyright treaty between Portugal
and Czechoslovakia, as construed by the Portuguese courts, had deprived it of
that right without compensation, despite the fact that there had been no public‑interest
grounds to justify affording copyright protection to a registered Appellation
of Origin.</div>
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The Court’s Grand Chamber disagreed. It noted at the outset
that intellectual property as such does enjoy the protection of Article 1. That
provision also applies to applications for the registration of trade marks,
including the application in the case before it. The Applicant did own a bundle
of proprietary rights recognized by Portuguese law, although they were
revocable under certain conditions.</div>
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The question before the Court, therefore, was whether the
decision to apply the provisions of the 1986 treaty to an application for
registration of a mark which Applicant had filed in 1981 constituted an
interference with the Applicant’s right to the peaceful enjoyment of its
possessions. </div>
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The Court noted that the Applicant’s main complaint was
about the way in which the Portuguese courts had applied its domestic and
treaty law. The Court recalled that the Convention limits its function to
ruling on whether the decisions by Member State courts were flawed by
arbitrariness or were otherwise clearly unreasonable; it is not to second‑guess
the rulings of Member State courts which are interpreting domestic law.</div>
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Absent any arbitrariness or manifest unreasonableness, the
ECHR could not call into question either the findings of the Portuguese Supreme
Court in its judgment of January 23, 2001 or that court’s reading of the
bilateral agreement with Czechoslovakia. In ruling on the conflicting arguments
of two private parties over the right to use the name “Budweiser” as a trade
mark or Appellation of Origin, the Portuguese Supreme Court had ruled against
the Applicant based on the material it considered relevant and sufficient to
resolve the dispute, after hearing representations from the interested parties.</div>
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Accordingly, the ECHR concluded that the Supreme Court’s
judgment did not constitute unlawful interference with the Applicant’s right to
the peaceful enjoyment of its possessions and, therefore, there had been no
violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. Two Judges wrote a joint concurring
opinion, and two Judges filed a joint dissenting opinion.</div>
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<b>Citation: </b>Anheuser‑Busch Inc. v. Portugal (Grand
Chamber judgment of January 11, 2007; European Court of Human Rights) (summary
by Court Registry on Monday, March 12, 2007 at 22:54:14. (The Court’s judgments
are accessible on its Internet site: http://www.echr.coe.int.) </div>
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**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-87307028283207451612018-07-14T15:12:00.001-07:002018-07-15T15:56:16.819-07:00In action under Australian Copyright Act, High Court rules that model of “sportboat” designed by Plaintiff and marketed in United States and elsewhere did not constitute “work of artistic craftsmanship” under Act but mainly involved naval engineering skill<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>In action under Australian Copyright Act, High Court
rules that model of “sportboat” designed by Plaintiff and marketed in United
States and elsewhere did not constitute “work of artistic craftsmanship” under
Act but mainly involved naval engineering skill</b></div>
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The respondent in the High Court of Australia is Mr. J. H.
Swarbrick (Plaintiff below); he is a naval architect who has designed many
yachts. He controls Swarbrick Yachts International Pty. Ltd.(SYI) which
manufactures a yacht sold as the “JS 9000” in Australia, Europe, the United
States and elsewhere. The Plaintiff named the first JS 9000 built Bateau Rouge.
At the time Plaintiff filed the present copyright infringement case against the
Defendants in 2003, SYI had built 32 of the JS 9000 boats and delivered 20 of
them to customers. The prices ranged from $A50,000 to $A65,000.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In June 2003, the fourth Defendant, Boldgold Investments
Pty. Ltd. (Boldgold) hired the first Defendant, B. J. Burge, as operations
manager of its factories. He supervised work on the hull and deck of a JS 9000
yacht using a hull and deck molding that Boldgold had obtained from the second
Defendant, T. Rogers, for $7,500. Boldgold hired Rogers and the third
Defendant, B. Warren, to work at its factory; previously, they had worked for
SYI in the molding of hulls and decks.</div>
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Late in 2002, Plaintiff had given Rogers the hull and deck
molding which he later sold to Boldgold. The trial being in the future, there
is an as yet unresolved dispute as to the circumstances under which Plaintiff
had given the molding to Rogers. The fifth and sixth Defendants, G. P. Bosman
and S. E. Zaza, are directors of Boldgold.</div>
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The litigation turns upon a legal question, that is, whether
the Australian Copyright Act of 1968 (Cth) (ACA) applies to Plaintiff’s work
product. Specifically, the case focuses on the phrase “a work of artistic
craftsmanship” which appears in the definition of “artistic work” in Section 10
and in Section 77(1) of the ACA. (The reference to the ACA is to that statute
in its form before its recent amendment—after the filing of this case—by the
Designs (Consequential Amendments) Act 2003 (Cth) (the 2003 Act).</div>
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In the first instance court, Plaintiff offered, inter alia,
evidence such as journal articles promoting the advantages of the JS 9000 as,
for example, “this remarkable 30 footer from down under”. Yachting magazines
published in the United States and the United Kingdom carried these articles.
Their content sets the stage for the issues that arise on this appeal,
especially </div>
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the key indicia of “a work of artistic craftsmanship” and
its application to the JS 9000. In the U.S. publication, Sailing World, an
article entitled “Three New Inexpensive Imports” spelled out the key advantages
of the JS 9000.</div>
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<br /></div>
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It contains, inter alia, the following sentence: “Add to
that the pedigree of designer [Plaintiff], the brains behind the 12‑Meters
Kookaburra I and II and Chris Dickson’s Whitbread 60 Tokio, and it’s easy to
get excited about a $26,500 speedster that comes fully rigged with Spectra
running rigging, die‑form standing rigging, aluminum mast and boom, and Dacron
mainsail and jib.” An SYI business plan dated April 2003, described the
underlying concept of the craft and included this phrase: “all yachts produced
by [SYI] are protected by T[r]ademark and copyright laws of the state of
Western Australia, and the Commonwealth of Australia.” </div>
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Thus, the present case concerns the distinction between
copyright law and design law. As background, the High Court points out that,
while title to a design “derives from statutory registration, and a publicly
accessible register, there is no registration system for copyright. Further,
copyright subsists for a much longer period than the maximum period of
protection </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
under the Designs Act of 16 years from the priority date,(6)
now reduced to a maximum of 10 years protection from the filing date under the
New Designs Act.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In cases of possible dual protection, the legislative
policy manifested since 1911 in the United Kingdom and then in Australia has
been to encourage design registration and to limit or remove copyright
protection for artistic works which are applied to industrial products. But,
... the means adopted to that end have varied and successive legislative
schemes have sought to overcome the shortcomings of their predecessors.” [¶
10].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Plaintiff does not rely upon any design registration; it is
the absence of any utilization of the protection offered by the Designs Act
which is central to this appeal. The ultimate issue is whether the JS 9000
embodies ‘a work of artistic craftsmanship’ as used in the ACA. If so,
Plaintiff may take his claim of copyright infringement to trial and the absence
of a design registration is not a defense. The Defendants in this Court
challenge Plaintiff’s success to date. For the reasons that follow, Australia’s
highest court unanimously allows the Defendants’ appeal.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On September 13, 2003, upon Plaintiff’s application, the
service of an ex parte interlocutory injunction from the federal court stopped
JS9000 work at the Boldgold factory. The injunction as modified still remains
in force.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Relevantly, the lower court enjoined Defendants from
reproducing or authorizing the reproduction in a material form of an object
identified as “the Plug” and from manufacturing, or procuring the manufacture of,
any mold using the JS 9000 hull and deck molding. The Plug was a hand‑crafted
full scale model of the hull and deck sections of what became the finished JS
9000 yacht. Plaintiff produced the hull and deck molding from molds taken
separately of the hull and deck sections, the molds themselves being exact,
although inverted, copies of the Plug.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although the Plug was destroyed, Plaintiff asserts an
incorporeal right under copyright law, whose continued subsistence does not
turn upon the fate of its first material embodiment.</div>
</div>
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<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The re‑amended defenses dated January 28, 2004 filed on
behalf of each of the present Defendants included the assertion that, in the
absence of registrations under the Designs Act, Section 77 of the Copyright Act
applies and there is no copyright infringement by the Defendants. On November
6, 2003, by consent, the judge ordered that it would decide questions of
liability for infringement separately and expeditiously.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In this Court, Plaintiff’s counsel conceded that the only relevant
artistic works which could be works of “artistic craftsmanship” under the ACA
were the Plug and the final hull and deck molding for the Bateau Rouge;
Plaintiff could seek no wider injunctive relief under the ACA.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The question of “overlapping” between the law of designs and
the copyright law became critical for the new legislative scheme. The 1911 Act
required no formalities such as registration of copyrights and adopted a
lengthy period of protection, generally, for published works, the life of the
author plus 50 years. The 1911 Act also [Section 1(2)] so defined the copyright
monopoly in </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
terms to include the reproduction of the work or of a
substantial part thereof “in any material form whatsoever”, thereby
encompassing three‑dimensional reproductions of two‑dimensional works.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
A distinguished English judge has paraphrased the awkwardly
worded Section 22 of the 1911 Act as follows: “This Act shall apply to designs
capable of being registered under [the 1907 UK Act], which are not used or
intended to be used as models or patterns to be multiplied by any industrial
process. With that exception, this Act shall not apply to designs capable of
being registered under [the 1907 UK Act].”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
What is relevant for present purposes is the statement in
Mackie Designs Inc. v. Behringer Specialised Studio Equipment (UK) Ltd., [1999]
R.P.C. 717 at 723 that: “[i]t was clearly the intention of the framers of [the
1988 UK Act] that copyright protection was no longer to be available to what
can be compendiously described as ordinary functional commercial articles.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Kevlacat Pty. Ltd. v. Trailcraft Marine Pty. Ltd., (1987) 79
A.L.R. 534 is an important case. It was an unsuccessful effort in the Federal
Court to restrain the copying of a Catamaran marketed as the Kevlacat where
there was no design registration. The Court held that, even if copyright
subsisted in drawings from which the prototype of the Kevlacat had been made,
the production of the Catamarans was an industrial application of the
“corresponding design” and denied copyright protection under Section 77 of the
ACA.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As with Section 10 of the 1956 UK Act, the Australian
legislation proved unsatisfactory in various respects. In 1989, the Copyright
Amendment Act 1989 (Cth) (the 1989 Act) made further changes. It is the text of
the 1989 Act which governs the outcome of the present appeal. Paragraph (a) of
Section 77(1) provided a further exception from the operation of the limitation
imposed by Section 77 and it is this which is critical for the present appeal.
“The paragraph provides that Section 77 may be engaged where copyright subsists
in artistic work ‘other than a building or a model of a building, or a work of
artistic craftsmanship’. ... The effect of that special provision is that
buildings or models of buildings or works of artistic craftsmanship retained
copyright protection, but only if they were not registered as designs. This is
not, speaking strictly, overlapping or dual protection.” [¶ 42].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“... Hence the defence under Section 77 in this case that
there was no copyright infringement because the Plug and the final hull and
deck molding were not works of artistic craftsmanship. This then invites
consideration of the part played since 1911 by the work of ‘artistic
craftsmanship’ as a species of artistic work under the Copyright Act.” [¶ 44].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In Australia on the day that Plaintiff filed the present
litigation, Section 10 of the [ACA] contained the following relevant
definition: “artistic work means: (a) a painting, sculpture, drawing, engraving
or photograph, whether the work is of artistic quality or not; (b) a building
or a model of a building, whether the building or model is of artistic quality
or not; or (c) a work of artistic craftsmanship to which neither of the last
two preceding paragraphs applies.....” [¶ 46]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“This appeal immediately concerns the expression in ¶ (c) of
the definition of ‘artistic work’ in Section 10 of the [ACA]. Paragraph (c) of
the definition in Section 3(1) of the 1956 UK Act is in terms essentially
indistinguishable from Section 10 of the [ACA]. ” [¶ 49]. The evidence of the
marketing of the JS 9000 class of racing yacht illustrates these constraints.
It is these constraints which make it difficult to support the Plug as “a work
of artistic craftsmanship”.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The 1989 Act places some check upon entire acceptance of
what had been said earlier with respect to the 1956 UK Act in the most
significant judicial treatment of the scope and purpose of the special
treatment given the phrase ‘a work of artistic craftsmanship’. This was the
speech of Lord Simon of Glaisdale in George Hensher Ltd. v. Restawile
Upholstery (Lancashire) Ltd. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(1987) 79 A.L.R. 534.” [¶ 53]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This Court should adopt Lord Simon’s approach in dealing
with the present appeal. “In Australia, thus, there will be no occasion to
attempt from all five speeches in Hensher a distillation of what can be
regarded as the ratio decidendi.” [¶¶ 53, 56].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court adds several observations on statutory
construction. “First, the statutory expression is ‘artistic craftsmanship’, not
‘artistic handicraft’, notwithstanding that the aesthetic of the “Arts and
Crafts” movement [see works of leader William Morris (1834‑96) and supporter
John Ruskin (1819‑1900)] may have been that of the living artisan in his
workshop. ... Some leaders of the “Arts and Crafts” movement recognised that
they would have to come to terms with the machine, and referred to a lecture by
Frank Lloyd Wright, ‘The Art and Craft of the Machine’. Lord Simon concluded
that: “The Central School of Arts and Crafts, though foremost a school of
handicrafts, had, as a declared aim, to encourage ‘the industrial application
of decorative design.’ So, although ‘works of artistic craftsmanship’ cannot be
adequately construed without bearing in mind the aims and achievements of the
‘Arts and Crafts’ movement, ‘craftsmanship’ in the statutory phrase cannot be
limited to handicraft; nor is the word ‘artistic’ incompatible with machine
production....” [¶ 59]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Whilst not denying an enduring distinction between fine
arts and useful or applied arts, in dealing with artistic craftsmanship there
is no antithesis between utility and beauty, between function and art. In that
regard, Lord Simon said in Hensher: ‘A work of craftsmanship, even though it
cannot be confined to handicraft, at least presupposes special training, skill
and </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection5">
<div class="MsoNormal">
knowledge for its production ... ‘Craftsmanship’,
particularly when considered in its historical context, implies a manifestation
of pride in sound workmanship—a rejection of the shoddy, the meretricious, the
facile.” [¶ 61].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Finally, it may be noted that the course of the statutory
and case law in the United States respecting works of artistic craftsmanship
requires separate identification of pictorial, graphic or sculptural features
from utilitarian aspects of the article concerned; the former features must be </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
capable of ‘existing independently’ of utilitarian aspects.
See [U.S.] Copyright Act 1976, 17 U.S. C. Section 101; Pivot Point
International Inc. v. Charlene Products Inc., 372 F. 3d 913 (7th Cir. 2004). In
the United States, the Vessel Hull Design Protection Act of 1998, 17 U.S. C.
Sections 1301, 1302, conferred a sui generis form of protection upon designs
for vessel hulls, including ‘plugs’ and ‘molds’: Nimmer on Copyright, vol 2,
Section 8A.13 – Section 8A.21.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
However, ... such an approach should not be adopted in
construing the Australian legislation. This is derived from the 1911 Act, which
must be understood in the light of what was said in Hensher respecting the
‘Arts and Crafts’ movement and because the language of the 1911 Act is apt to
carry forward the objects of that movement.” [¶ 62 & note 80].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The statute does not give to the opinion of the person who
claims to be the author of ‘a work of artistic craftsmanship’ the determination
of whether that result was obtained; still less, whether it was obtained
because he or she intended that result. Given the long period of copyright
protection [for published works, the author’s life plus 50 years], the author,
at the stage when there is litigation, may be unavailable. Indeed, ... the
author may be dead. Again, intentions may fail to be realised. Further, just as
few alleged inventors are heard to deny the presence of an inventive step on
their part, so, it may be expected, will few alleged authors of works of artistic
craftsmanship be heard readily to admit the absence of any necessary aesthetic
element in their endeavours.” [¶ 64].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The primary judge started his analysis of the evidence from
the proposition that the evidence of intention of the author of the alleged
work was important, albeit not essential. Whilst allowing that [Plaintiff] was
‘scarcely a disinterested person’, the primary judge gave very great weight to
his evidence as to that intention. His Honour accepted that [Plaintiff] had
intended to design and build a yacht of ‘great aesthetic appeal’, that the JS
9000 had ‘a high level of aesthetic appeal’ and that this was the outcome
intended by Plaintiff.” [¶ 67].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“His Honour did give much attention to the steps by which
the Plug came into existence in its final form. There were disputes between
witnesses on these matters. But, as a whole, that evidence is equivocal; it
suggests that yacht design requires engineering skills and that the problems
overcome as [Plaintiff] progressed had been predominantly to do with matters of
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
function.” [¶ 70].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Taken as a whole and considered objectively, the evidence,
at best, shows that matters of visual and aesthetic appeal were but one of a
range of considerations in the design of the Plug. Matters of visual and aesthetic
appeal necessarily were subordinated to achievement of the purely functional
aspects required for a successfully marketed ‘sports boat’ and thus for the </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
commercial objective in view.” [¶ 73].</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection6">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“During his cross‑examination, Plaintiff agreed that yacht
design was a very specialised branch of naval architecture and that a naval
architect was ‘basically an engineer’. [An expert witness] referred to a number
of works on the practice of naval architecture and the design of yachts. He
described as the main and essential requirements of yacht design the
application of mathematical and engineering principles together with the
relevant principles of physics.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“This evidence adds force to the further statement by
Professor Denicola in his [influential] article: ‘Applied Art and Industrial
Design: A Suggested Approach to Copyright in Useful Articles, 67 Minn. L.
Rev.707, 739 (1982‑83): ‘The designer cannot follow wherever aesthetic
interests might lead. Utilitarian concerns influence, and at times dictate,
available choices. Indeed, aesthetic success is often measured in terms of the
harmony achieved between competing interests.’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“After referring to what he describes as ‘utilitarian
considerations’, including ease of operation, maintenance and cost of manufacture,
Professor Denicola concludes that the cumulative influence of such matters ‘can
render the designer’s task quite unlike that confronting the painter or
sculptor’. Id. at 740. That was true of the design of the Plug for the JS
9000.” (N. B. The Seventh Circuit majority accepted the thesis of the article
in Pivot Point International Inc. supra, at 927). In Hensher, above, Lord Simon
asked whether the work in question was ‘the work of one who was, in this
respect, an artist‑craftsman?’. ... “Lord Simon went on: [Hensher at 91] ‘In
between lie a host of crafts some of whose practitioners can claim artistic
craftsmanship, some not—or whose practitioners sometimes exercise artistic
craftsmanship, sometimes not. In the former class, for example, are glaziers.
The ordinary glazier is a craftsman, but he could not properly claim that his
craftsmanship is artistic in the common acceptation.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“But the maker of stained glass windows could properly make
such a claim; and, indeed, the revival of stained glass work was one of the
high achievements of the “Arts and Crafts” movement. In the latter class is the
blacksmith—a craftsman in all his business, and exercising artistic
craftsmanship perhaps in making wrought‑iron gates, but certainly not in
shoeing a horse or repairing a ploughshare. In these intermediate—or rather,
straddling—classes come, too, the woodworkers, ranging from carpenters to
cabinet‑makers: some of their work would be generally accepted as artistic
craftsmanship, most not.” [¶¶ 77‑81].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“It may be impossible, and certainly would be unwise, to
attempt any exhaustive and fully predictive identification of what can and
cannot amount to ‘a work of artistic craftsmanship’ within the meaning of the
ACA as it stood after the 1989 Act. However, determining whether a work is ‘a
work of artistic craftsmanship’ does not turn on assessing the beauty or
aesthetic </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
appeal of work or on assessing any harmony between its
visual appeal and its utility. The determination turns on assessing the extent
to which the particular work’s artistic expression, in its form, is
unconstrained by functional considerations. To decide the appeal it is
sufficient to indicate the following.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The more substantial the requirements in a design brief to
satisfy utilitarian considerations of the kind indicated with the design of the
JS 9000, the less the scope for that encouragement of real or substantial
artistic effort. It is that encouragement which underpins the favourable </div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
treatment by the 1989 Act of certain artistic works which
are applied as industrial designs but without design registration. Questions of
fact and degree inevitably arise.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“In the present case, notwithstanding what [Plaintiff] later
said on the matter after litigation was on foot, the earlier statements in the
promotional material and in the business plan, with the evidence of the expert
should have led the primary judge to conclude that the Plug was not </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
‘a work of artistic craftsmanship’ because the work of
[Plaintiff] in designing it was not that of an artist‑craftsman.” [¶¶ 83‑85].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The bottom line is that the Full Court should have set aside
all of the orders made by [the court below]. “This Court should now so provide.
In place of the orders of [the trial judge], an order should now be made
dismissing the present Plaintiff’s application to the Federal Court with </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
consequential orders as set out above.” [¶ 106].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Burge v. Swarbrick, [2007] H. C. A. 17;
2007 WL 1207121 (High Ct. of Australia, April 26, 2007).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-67843576905442331692018-07-14T15:11:00.003-07:002018-07-15T15:56:57.244-07:00After Danish Plaintiff had created and copyrighted “Good Luck Troll” dolls, their sale without copyright notice invalidated Plaintiff’s registration until Uruguay Round Agreements Act restored Plaintiff’s copyright so that Defendant’s marketing of such dolls before URAA’s enactment did not make Defendant “reliance party” to whom URAA would have accorded one year to clear its inventory of infringing dolls<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
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<b>After Danish Plaintiff had created and copyrighted “Good
Luck Troll” dolls, their sale without copyright notice invalidated Plaintiff’s
registration until Uruguay Round Agreements Act restored Plaintiff’s copyright
so that Defendant’s marketing of such dolls before URAA’s enactment did not
make Defendant “reliance party” to whom URAA would have accorded one year to
clear its inventory of infringing dolls</b></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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In the late 1950s, Thomas Dam, a Danish wood carver, created
a troll doll with an oversized head, big grin, potbelly, and frizzy hair,
calling it a “Good Luck Troll.” Dam began selling his doll in the United States
in 1961. In 1962, Dam founded “Dam Things Establishment (DTE) ,” and listed it
as the creator of the dolls on his U.S. copyright registration. As some dolls
had been sold in the U.S. without the proper copyright notice, the copyright
was invalidated in 1962 on the grounds that the dolls had entered the public
domain. Many companies then began marketing the dolls in the U.S.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In 1963‑64, DTE licensed Uneeda Doll Co., Inc. (UDCI),
Defendant’s predecessor, to distribute troll dolls. From time to time, UDCI
sold a line of troll dolls under the name “Wish‑Niks” between 1965 and 1984,
and, according to UDCI’s chairman, probably as late as 1996. In that year, UDCI
sold all of its assets, including its copyrights and other intellectual
property rights, to Uneeda (Defendant).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After Thomas Dam died in 1989, his heirs granted Troll Co.
(Plaintiff), a Danish company, the exclusive right to exploit and license the
dolls. The Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. Section 104A, enacted as part of the
Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA), Pub. L. No. 103‑465, 108 Stat. 4809
(1994), restored the Good Luck Troll copyright on January 1, 1996. After
Plaintiff had obtained a registration certificate in 2000, it set about
enforcing its restored copyright.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In August 2005, Plaintiff was getting ready for a major re‑launch
of its troll dolls, when it found out that Defendant was selling newly produced
Wish‑niks to Wal‑Mart bearing copyright notices in Defendant’s name. After
Plaintiff informed Wal‑Mart that the dolls infringed Plaintiff’s copyright, Wal‑Mart
withdrew the dolls.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After bringing this copyright infringement action against
Defendant in a New York federal court on October 7, 2005, Plaintiff obtained a
preliminary injunction enjoining Defendant from manufacturing, distributing, or
selling Wish‑nik dolls pending resolution of the case. Defendant appealed the
preliminary injunction based on its contention that Plaintiff is unlikely to
succeed on the merits of its infringement claim.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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On appeal, Defendant made two supporting arguments. The
first was that Plaintiff has not shown that it owns the restored copyright. The
second was that Defendant qualifies as a “reliance party” within the meaning of
Section 104A of the Copyright Act. This entitled it to sell off its inventory
of Wish‑niks for one year following Plaintiff’s service of a notice of intent
to enforce the restored copyright. The U. S. Court of Appeals for the Second
Circuit, however, affirms.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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The Court rejects Defendant’s first argument, finding that,
under the URAA, Plaintiff would likely be able to establish ownership of the
restored copyright. “First, Uneeda points out, the original 1965 registration
certificate listed [DTE] not Dam himself, as the ‘author’ of the Good Luck
Trolls. Consequently, Uneeda argues, [Plaintiff] must establish a chain of
ownership from [DTE] but not from Dam through his heirs, as [Plaintiff] argued
in the District Court.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“But the URAA specifies that authorship is to be determined
by reference to the source country’s law, not by reference to U.S. copyright
registration. See 17 U.S. C. Section 104A(b); see, e.g., Alameda Films S A v.
Authors Rights Restoration Corp., 331 F.3d 472, 477 (5th Cir. 2003) (applying
Mexican law). Neither party submitted evidence of Danish law to the District
Court [Editorial Note: see Fed. R. Civ. Proc . 44.1.]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
In any event, to obtain a preliminary injunction,
[Plaintiff] needed to show only that it was likely to prove ownership, and it
seems likely that Danish law would consider Dam to be the ‘author’ of the troll
dolls since he created the dolls several years before he established [DTE].”
[155].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After pointing out that the URAA restored copyrights as of
January 1, 1996, the Court lays out the relevant categories of reliance
parties. “Much of 17 U.S.C. Section 104A concerns the enforcement of restored
copyrights against parties that were legitimately exploiting works in reliance
on their public domain status. The statute creates a category of prior
exploiters called ‘reliance parties,’ who may continue to exploit the work
until the owner of the restored copyright makes known its intent to enforce its
copyright. The Second Circuit then determines that the court below had
incorrectly determined the date on which Denmark became an eligible country,
and hence whether Defendant was a reliance party by having acted prior to that
date. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Thus, subsections (A) and (B) make the status of a reliance
party turn on whether a person took certain actions with respect to a work
prior to the date that the source country of that work became an eligible
country. And, for purposes of subsections (A) and (B), a source country that
was a member of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works of 1886 [as revised and amended, in effect for U. S., March 1,
1989, Sen. Treaty Doc. No. 99‑27] when the URAA was enacted (as well as Danish
legislation) Denmark became an eligible country on the date of the URAA’s
enactment, December 8, 1994. See id. Section 104A(h)(3)(B) [Cites].”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The District Court mistakenly looked to the date of
copyright restoration, January 1, 1996, rather than the date of the URAA’s
enactment, to determine the date when Denmark became an eligible country and
hence whether [Defendant] or its predecessor was a reliance party by reason of
having acted with respect to the troll dolls prior to that date. [Cite]” [157]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finding the text of Section 104(h)(4)(A) ambiguous as to its
use of “continues,” the court looks to the legislative history. “The
legislative history of Section 104A suggests that Congress understood Section
412 to mean that a post‑registration act of infringement will not be deemed to
have commenced before registration if the infringing activity ceased for an
appreciable period of time. In such a case, the copyright owner could recover
statutory damages and attorney’s fees for that new, post‑registration act of
infringement.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“By using the word ‘continues,’ Congress must have intended
to incorporate this same principle into Section 104A (h)(4)(A). We therefore
construe this subsection ... to confer reliance party status only on persons
whose infringement is ongoing and without more than trivial interruption. This
limitation is consistent with the purpose of the URAA’s reliance provisions.”
“A party that has invested time and resources into ongoing exploitation of a
work in reliance on the work’s public domain status would incur substantial
harm from the sudden inability to engage in that business; the URAA therefore
requires owners of restored copyrights to notify such parties of their intent
to enforce and gives those parties a year after notification to sell off their
inventories.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
“By contrast, a party that has voluntarily ceased
exploitation for a non‑trivial period of time, here, nine or ten years – even
where such exploitation was episodic due to the cyclical nature of consumers’
interest in the product – has a less substantial interest in being able to
resume that exploitation after restoration.” [158‑59].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Applying this standard to Defendant, the court concludes
that, although Defendant’s predecessor UDCI may have initially been a reliance
party, Defendant’s nine or ten‑year hiatus precluded Defendant from claiming
that status. “... [W]e first observe that [Defendant] initially may have been a
reliance party under Section 104A(h)(4)(A) following the URAA’s enactment.
According to the evidence before the District Court, [Defendant] ‘sold Wish‑nik
dolls beginning in 1992 and continuing into the mid‑1990s, at least through
1994 and probably up to 1996.’ Because the District Court mistakenly deemed
reliance party status to turn on the date of restoration, January 1, 1996, it
concluded that [Defendant] could not have been a reliance party.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“However, ... the critical date for assessing reliance party
status is December 8, 1994. If the District Court were to credit [Defendant’s]
evidence and find that [Defendant] sold Wish‑niks in 1995, [Defendant] would
have been a reliance party under Section 104A (h)(4)(A) because it would have
continued to engage in infringing acts after December 8, 1994.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Notwithstanding this observation, we need not remand the
case for reexamination of [Defendant’s’ claim to reliance party status. Even if
we assume that [Defendant] was a reliance party for some period of time, UDCI
and [Defendant ]as its successor, would have retained that status only to the
extent that they continued to engage in such infringing acts. For the reasons
set forth above, [Defendant’s] renewed manufacture and sale of Wish‑niks after
a nine‑ or ten‑year hiatus is not a continuation of infringement under Section
104A (h)(4)(A). Accordingly, [Defendant] cannot claim protection as a reliance
party under this provision.” [159‑60].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court also rejects Defendant’s reliance‑party claim
under Section 104 (h)(4)(B), construing the statutory language so as to avoid
results that would be not only absurd but also incompatible with the URAA’s
goals. “The text of Section 104A(h)(4)(B) is ambiguous on this point, and there
is no legislative history clarifying Congress’s intent. However, it is an
elemental principle of statutory construction that an ambiguous statute must be
construed to avoid absurd results. [Cite].”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“[Defendant’s] proposed interpretation would render the
statute absurdly broad: any entity that purchased even one Wish‑nik doll many
years ago while the troll dolls were in the public domain could decide to begin
manufacturing troll dolls after the restoration of the copyright and thereby
become a reliance party. Conferring reliance party status on such entities
would be incompatible with the URAA’s dual goals of restoring copyright
protection and safeguarding legitimate reliance interests. ... [W]e conclude
that Congress intended to limit the benefit of reliance party status under
Section 104A (h)(4)(B) only to those copies made or acquired before the URAA’s
enactment.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Because [Defendant] intends to sell recently manufactured
Wish‑niks and does not claim to be disposing of Wish‑niks made by [Defendant]
before the URAA’s enactment, it is not entitled to reliance party status as
UDC’s successor under Sections 104A(h)(4)(B)‑( c).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation</b>: Troll Co. v. Uneeda Doll Co., 483 F.3d 150
(2nd Cir. 2007).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-72374937821061139452018-07-14T15:11:00.001-07:002018-07-15T15:57:34.110-07:00In litigation over whether representatives of U.K. estate of deceased American guitarist Jimi Hendrix are entitled to poshumous royalties from sale of CDs of his live performances in Sweden and U.S. before effective date of Copyright Designs and Patents Act of 1988, as amended, English Court of Appeal (Civil Division) rules in favor of Hendrix’s estate<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
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<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>In litigation over whether representatives of U.K. estate
of deceased American guitarist Jimi Hendrix are entitled to poshumous royalties
from sale of CDs of his live performances in Sweden and U.S. before effective
date of Copyright Designs and Patents Act of 1988, as amended, English Court of
Appeal (Civil Division) rules in favor of Hendrix’s estate</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Copyright Designs and Patents Act of 1988 (CDPA) came
into effect in the UK on August 1, 1989 and has since been amended. Part II
created “Rights in Performances.” No‑one doubts that it did so in respect of
pre‑Act performances in the case of performers still alive when the Act came
into force.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Jimi Hendrix was a U.S. citizen who became a world famous
and innovative rock guitarist in the late 1960s. He died on September 18, 1970,
domiciled in New York State. Experience Hendrix LLC (Plaintiff) is a company
incorporated in the U.S. and the assignee of all property in the U.K. estate of
Mr. Hendrix. Defendant Purple Haze Records Ltd. and its owner (Defendants) had
profited from the sale of CD’s reproducing some of Hendrix’s live performances
in the U. K., U.S. and Sweden. between 1967 and 1970. Plaintiff seeks to
enforce the performer’s rights arising under the CDPA. Subject to the summary
judgment issue (not covered here), it is now undisputed that if performer’s
rights in these performances do exist, Plaintiff does own them. The case
specifically turns on the provisions of the CDPA, as amended. The arguments of
both sides, however, involved a lot more by way of background Treaties and
Directives.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
These include the Berne Convention for the Protection of
Literary and Artistic Works of 1886 as amended by the Paris Act of 1971
(Berne). The provisions with which this Court is concerned date back to the
Rome Act of 1928 (Rome 1928). Also cited are the Rome Convention for the
Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting
Organizations (1961) (Rome 1961); the 1994 Agreement on the Trade‑Related Aspects
of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS); and the Treaty Establishing the
European Union (EU Treaty).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Finally, two items of EC legislation are pertinent: (1)
Directive 92/100/EEC on rental rights and lending rights and on certain rights
related to copyright in the field of intellectual property (RR); and (2)
Directive 93/98/EEC harmonizing the term of protection of copyright and certain
related rights of 29 October 1993 (HTP). Rome 1961 requires signatory states to
confer copyrights with respect to live performances. The UK acceded to this
Convention in 1964, having passed the Performers Protection Act of 1963 for
this purpose. Of particular significance is that Art.7 of Rome 1961 provided
for a civil remedy for performers and Art. 14 laid down a minimum term of
protection of 20 years from the end of the performance year.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Before the CDPA, various English provisions regulated
performers’ rights. The pre‑1988 legislation consisted of the Dramatic and
Musical Performers’ Protection Act of 1958 as amended by the Performers’
Protection Act of 1963. These, inter alia, made unauthorized recording of a
performance and sale of such recordings a criminal offense. During the 1970s
and 1980s, many plaintiffs tried to enforce the Acts in the civil courts. They
met with varying degrees of success. Before the Bill preceding the CDPA was
presented, the instant Court handed down Rickless v. United Artists [1988] Q.
B. 40. The Court there decided that, by virtue of the Acts, the personal
representatives of Peter Sellers had a civil cause of action against the makers
of a film who used recorded material of his performances in “Pink Panther”
films (made with his consent) to make a further such film to which neither Mr.
Sellers nor his personal representatives had consented.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On the interpretation of the performers’ protection acts,
the Court concluded that, notwithstanding the contrary suggestion in prior
cases, performers did have a civil right of action for breach of the Acts. Most
significantly to this case, such a right devolved on the deceased </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
performers’ personal representatives.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
First, the Court noted that the 1963 Act was expressly
stated to be “to enable effect to be given to” Rome 1961. Moreover, Rome 1961
required a civil remedy because it called for a right to prevent unauthorized
recording (see Art. 7(1)). So if the U.K. provided no civil remedy then it
would be in breach of the Convention. That would be an improbable
interpretation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Second, the Court rejected an argument that no rights lay in
the personal representatives of deceased performers or that they could not give
any consent. In so doing, it spurned an argument that the legislation was
merely to protect living performers because, once dead, they needed none. So
Rickless clearly established that Mr. Hendrix, prior to then, had a civilly
enforceable right to protect them. Moreover, that right would have passed down
to his personal representatives. If the present Defendants are right, the 1988
Act took away such a right for the future. This reading, although possible,
also seems unlikely.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
The lead opinion here explains “I accordingly approach the
unamended Act with a strong supposition that it is unlikely to have been
intended to cut out from protection performances by performers who had died
before the Act came into force.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Defendant submits that, nonetheless, it did have such an
effect. His essential reasoning runs thus: (a) Section 180(1) says ‘this Part
confers rights on ‘a performer;’ (b) A dead person cannot be a performer; (c)
Putting it another way, the subsection does not confer rights on a deceased
performer’s personal representatives.” [¶ 21]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“[Defendants] also raised a convenience argument. How
difficult, ... it would be for the estates of long‑dead performers if this new
right was suddenly conferred, in many cases years after the estate was wound
up. And how difficult it would be to obtain clearances for use of performances
if you have to try and find personal representatives years after the estate is
wound up.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I do not regard these arguments as at all convincing. Here
are my reasons: (a) The whole of Part II of the Act is expressed in the present
tense. Even ‘performance’ is defined in the present tense (‘is ... a live
performance’), § 180(2), yet the Act must apply to what was a performance. A
sensible way to read the Part is to recognise that the past is also being
referred to where the context so requires.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“(b) The draftsman would clearly have been aware of the
possibility of tying a right’s existence or term to the time of death of the
‘creator’. That is the position in respect of ‘ordinary’ copyrights under Part
I (literary, musical and artistic works) and had been in successive Acts since
the very beginning of copyright protection. Yet no such provision was made
here. On the contrary, the term runs from the end of the year of the
performance.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“(c) Such an important limitation is hardly likely to be
found in that section of Part II which is headed Introductory and in which §
180 falls. ... The whole emphasis of these provisions is the conferring of
protection on performances. To say that performances by pre‑Act deceased
performers are not protected simply by the use of ‘a performer’ is making that
noun do more work than in context it can reasonably do. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“(e) Sections 191‑193 (which deal with ‘duration and
transmission of rights; consent’) are hardly likely to have taken their present
form if [Defendants are] right. Section 191 makes rights ‘continue to subsist
until the end of the period of 50 years from the end of the [year of
performance]’. [Defendants] submit that this only applies where rights are
conferred by this Part.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I agree, but one might have at least supposed some sort of
caveat if performances by pre‑Act deceased performers were excluded. So also
for the provisions in § 192 about transmission on death....”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“(f) The very form of § 180(1) is essentially by way of a
chatty introduction. It is telling you what this Part of the Act is about. That
is unarguably so in relation to the bit about the creation of offences. It
would make no difference if it was struck from § 180(1) entirely. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“(g) Section 180(3) is also phrased oddly if [Defendants
are] right. It says the rights conferred apply in relation to performances
taking place before commencement, adding the rider that no pre‑Act conduct or
in conduct pursuance of pre‑Act arrangements shall infringe. Surely this would
have been qualified if it was intended to exclude any case where the performer
had died before the Act came into force? Yet it was not.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“(h) As to the argument that § 180(1) confers rights on a
performer, not on his personal representatives, I think it specious. If you
confer rights retrospectively on a ‘person’ and that ‘person’ is dead, the
rights simply go to the person’s personal representatives by operation of law.
They go to the ‘person’s’ estate. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“(I) The appeal to convenience also fails. First, because,
before the CDPA, the right to prevent infringements already existed and fell
into a deceased performer’s estate (Rickless). So the supposed problem was a
problem already. Secondly, because in any event such inconveniences are
possible in this area of the law ‑‑ the same must have happened when ordinary
copyright was extended by 20 years following implementation of the Term Directive,
for instance. And, thirdly, if no‑one can be found to be asked for a clearance,
recourse can be had for a permission to be granted by the Copyright Tribunal.
This, for instance, happened in the case of a long dead performer of the
original production of ‘Under Milk Wood,’ see ex parte Sianel Pedwar Cymru
[1993] E. M. L. R. 251.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Accordingly I reject the ‘dead performer’ point so far as
the unamended CDPA is concerned. The Act was passed to protect the economic
interests of performers ‑‑ their estates, whether they are alive or dead, form
those interests.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Strictly that is an end of this whole point, for
[Defendants] conceded that, if the unamended Act conferred rights in respect of
pre‑Act deceased performers, the later amendments did not take them away. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court then discusses the effects of the amended
provisions of the CDPA and how TRIPS might affect this case.. “Both the Term
and R R Directives were passed in the early nineties, followed by TRIPS in
1994. Both sides accepted that the amended legislation must be interpreted so
as to conform to all three of these instruments unless this was quite
impossible on the language used.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“It is trite that this must be so in the case of Directives.
Why it is so in the case of TRIPS calls for a little more explanation. The
World Trade Organization (WTO), of which TRIPS forms part, is primarily a
Treaty between nations across the globe. But the EU was also a party to it. The
WTO Agreement is to be regarded as a Community Treaty as defined in § 1(2) of
the [UK’s] European Communities Act 1972. This makes it fall within § 3(1)
which says: ‘For the purposes of all legal proceedings, any question as to the
meaning or effect of any of the Treaties, or as to the validity, meaning or
effect of any Community instrument, shall be treated as a question of law (and,
if not referred to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) [under Article 234EC] be
for determination as such in accordance with the principles laid down by, and
any relevant decision of, the [ECJ).’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection5">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The ECJ’s principles of interpretation require that
European Legislation (including the two Directives in play here) be interpreted
so as to conform to EU Treaty obligations. So the Directives (and hence our
implementing legislation) should be interpreted so as to conform to TRIPS .
That is not to say that TRIPS itself creates rights in Member States or the EU.
It does not.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“... TRIPS ... builds on Berne, which applies only to
‘ordinary copyright’ (literary, musical and artistic works). For performing
rights, Art. 14 lays down requirements. They follow Rome 1961. Importantly,
Art. 14(6) says that the provisions of Art. 18 of Berne shall apply mutatis
mutandis to performers’ rights.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“So what does Art. 18 of Berne call for? It says that the
Convention applies to all works which, on its coming into force, have not yet
fallen into the public domain in the country of origin through the expiry of
the term of protection. The only exception is where a work has fallen into the
public domain in the country where protection is claimed. By virtue of Art. 14
of TRIPS this rule also applies to performers’ rights.” [ ¶¶ 23‑30].</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Now it is not suggested [by Defendants] that rights in Jimi
Hendrix’s performances ever fell into the public domain through expiry of a
term of protection. The argument is that they ceased because the 1988 Act did
not confer any rights in respect of dead performers.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The upshot of all this is that, if the Directives and our
implementing Acts deny protection to a performance on the grounds of the death
of its performer, they will be in breach of TRIPS Art. 14. That is wholly
improbable.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Defendants base their main argument on the RR Directive.
“[Their attorney] made two basic submissions, first that the Directive was a
harmonizing directive. The second and main submission was based particularly on
Recitals (7) and (8): ‘(7) Whereas the creative and artistic work of authors
and performers necessitates an adequate income as a basis for further creative
and artistic work, and the investments required particularly for the production
of phonograms and films are especially high and risky; whereas the possibility
for securing that income and recouping that investment can only effectively be
guaranteed through adequate legal protection of the rightholders concerned;
...’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The argument is that Recital (7) not only sets out the
purpose of a performing right but thereby limits its extent. The identified
purpose is to secure an ‘adequate income as a basis for further creative work’
and that is all. Once a performer is dead he is no longer capable of further
creative work. Hence no rights need be created pursuant to this Directive in
respect of already dead performers. ...” [¶¶ 32‑36]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court, however, rejects the second, and main submission,
on the grounds that [Defendants] read far too much into the recital. “If [they]
were right, not only would the dead be excluded, but also those incapable of
further performance. And what about amateurs and those who have retired? Does
the Directive call for an examination by doctors to see if a performer can
still perform, or a questionnaire to a performer who has retired asking whether
he is thinking of a come‑back? All this shows the non‑viability of the
argument.” [¶ 29]</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection6">
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Most formidably, recital (10) stands in [Defendants’] way.
It says: ‘(10) Whereas the legislation of the Member States should be
approximated in such a way so as not to conflict with the international
conventions on which many Member States’ copyright and related rights laws are
based.’ So there is to be no conflict with international conventions. One of
these is Rome 1961 ....”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Now Rome 1961 requires both a civil right for performers
and a minimum term of 20 years. And it had so required for many years (in the
case of the UK from the 1964 accession). If the RR Directive forbade protection
in respect of performances by performers dead at implementation of the
Directive, it would involve a breach of Rome 1961. ...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Moreover, the Court notes, though the RR Directive does not
refer to TRIPS, [that] could not have happened since TRIPS had not yet been
finalized. “... Art. 13 of the Directive contains language taken from a draft
of TRIPS in circulation at the time. It is inconceivable that the Council of
the EU would have made a Directive incompatible with the requirements of the
shortly to be agreed TRIPS. I refuse to construe it so, yet that it what
[Defendants’] argument would require.” [¶¶ 43‑45]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Finally, I come to the [CDPA] as amended. It should be
construed in accordance with the RR and Term Directives and TRIPS . Having
already looked at these, it is hardly necessary to look at the amended Act. The
arguments before us, rightly in my view, reflected that. My own analysis of the
Act before amendment covers all the essential ground. Accordingly, ... I reject
the dead performer argument.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Court then addresses the “qualifying country” issue
which applies only to performances that Mr. Hendrix had given in Sweden and the
U.S. [Defendants] conceded that, if their position was sound, it would put the
UK in conflict with TRIPS and in breach of the EC treaty. This Court demands
strong, unequivocal language to reach such a conclusion.” [¶¶ 53, 54]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The heart of the [Defendants’] argument lies in the use of
the present tense ‑‑ ‘is given’ or ‘takes place.’ [Defendants] submit that, to
be protected, a performance must have been in a qualifying country at the time
of the performance or have been given by a person who was a qualifying
individual at that time. So far as the UK performances are concerned, the
condition was satisfied at the time. But not so for Sweden or the U.S.A. Hence
these performances are not protected.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I reject the argument for three reasons. It makes no sense
as a matter of construction. It involves ignoring the whole way in which the
international system of copyright recognition works. And it involves a
derogation from TRIPS and a violation of the EC Treaty. All that is supposed to
come about because of the use of the present tense. You need lots more than
that for such profound effects.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“As a matter of construction, one cannot really read the
tense as meaning the present at all. The whole point is protection for past
performances. ‘Is’ in context must mean ‘was,’ and ‘is given’ must mean ‘was
given.’”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Moreover, the Act expressly applies to pre‑commencement
performances (§ 180(3)). Yet before the Act, no country was a ‘qualifying
country’ as defined in the Act save for the U K and the then existing members
of the EEC. So if the country had to be qualifying at the date of the
performance, § 180(3) would be denied any effect for all other countries. That
cannot be so.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“... [B]y virtue of TRIPS Art. 14, the system applies to
rights in performances. Art. 18 of Berne requires that protection is conferred
in respect of past works when a country accedes to Berne.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
See the description by Ricketson and Ginsburg International
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, 2nd Edn. at § 6.117: ‘ ... The obligation to
protect other Union works also extends to works which the new member had once
protected but which now are in the public domain because the new member’s prior
term of copyright protection was shorter than the Berne minimum term. Equally
importantly, the obligation to provide or restore copyright protection applies
to previous Berne members with respect to works from the newly acceding state.
...”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“So [Defendants’] argument, if right, would involve a breach
of TRIPS. It would involve breach of the EU Treaty too. Consider a 1969
performance. If in the UK or any Member State of the EEC as it was at the time
of the performance (the original six), there would be protection. But there
would be none for performances in subsequently acceding states (e.g. Sweden or
Ireland). This would infringe Art. 12EC which forbids discrimination on the
grounds of nationality. The same argument applies, mutatis mutandis, in
relation to the nationality of a qualifying performer.” [¶¶ 56‑62]</div>
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<br /></div>
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“Accordingly I think the ‘qualifying country’ point fails
too.” [¶ 64] The other two members of the Court agree. Since both the U.S. and
Sweden had become ‘qualifying countries’ for the purpose of the 1988 CDPA by
the time the infringement took place, it was irrelevant whether or not they
were qualifying countries at the time of the live performances. Since the Court
also agrees that Defendants were not entitled to summary judgment in this case,
it dismisses their appeal.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Experience Hendrix LLC v. Purple Haze
Records Ltd., [2007] E.W.C.A. Civ. 501; 2007 WL 1484095 (CA (Civ. Div.) May
24).</div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-36594878931123985612018-07-14T15:10:00.005-07:002018-07-15T15:57:56.936-07:00European Court of Justice rules on privacy during intellectual property litigation. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>European Court of Justice rules on privacy during
intellectual property litigation</b>. The European Court of Justice has held
that EU law does not require the disclosure of personal data in a civil
proceeding regarding copyright in a Member State. Here, Promusicae is an
association of producers and publishers of musical and audiovisual recordings.
It sought a court order requiring a telephone company to disclose the
identities of persons who used an online file exchange program, KaZaA, where
copyright‑protected files were exchanged. Promusicae’s intent was to use that
information to sue the persons who had exchanged the protected files. The
Spanish Court submitted the issue to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) under
Article 234. In particular, the Spanish court asked the ECJ whether the parties
to civil proceedings have to reveal their personal data. The ECJ notes that EU
directives on the protection of personal data include exceptions for the
protection of the rights and freedoms of others. Member States have the duty to
implement EU directives in a way that balances the various fundamental rights
(here: intellectual property and personal privacy). <b>Citation: </b>Judgment
of the Court of Justice in Case C‑275/06, Productores de Musica de Espana
(Promusicae) v. Telefonica de Espana SAU (January 2008). [Opinion and related
press release are available on website curia.europa.eu.]</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-24770763427676896182018-07-14T15:10:00.003-07:002018-07-15T15:58:32.417-07:00Despite already pending litigation between United States and Australian religious organizations in Australian court, Sixth Circuit finds that international comity does not stand in way of U.S. federal suit to compel arbitration under arbitration convention to which both U.S. and Australia are parties<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<b>Despite already pending litigation between United States
and Australian religious organizations in Australian court, Sixth Circuit finds
that international comity does not stand in way of U.S. federal suit to compel
arbitration under arbitration convention to which both U.S. and Australia are
parties</b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
“Answers in Genesis” of Kentucky (Plaintiff) is a Kentucky
non‑profit corporation. “Creation Ministries International” (Defendant) (which
previously was the “Foundation”) is an Australian non‑profit organization. Its
goal was to promote creationism and apologetics throughout Australia. In 1987,
one of Defendant’s leaders, Ken Ham, moved to the U.S. and set up what would
become Plaintiff. The two organizations worked together for years in the area
of teaching creationism. Plaintiff grew faster than Defendant, however, which
led to tensions between Ham and Carl Wieland, the leader of Defendant.</div>
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One of the disputes centered on the control over
“Foundation,” Defendant’s predecessor. In October 2005, the boards of directors
of both Plaintiff and the Foundation met in Kentucky to resolve their disputes
over the Foundation, as well as the content of the Foundation’s publication
“Creation Magazine” and the parties’ joint website. </div>
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The result of the meeting was a Memorandum of Agreement
(MOA), which transferred inter se certain copyrights and licenses. The MOA
included an arbitration clause, requiring the parties to submit their disputes
to “Christian arbitration.” Wieland objected to the MOA and tensions increased.
</div>
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In May 2007, the U.S. Defendant filed a lawsuit against the
present Plaintiff in a Queensland, Australia trial court. The following March,
Plaintiff sued in a Kentucky federal court to compel arbitration under the
Federal Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 206. Plaintiff also asked the court
to enjoin Defendant from continuing the Australian lawsuit.</div>
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After hearing the parties, the district court ordered them
to arbitrate the dispute. Defendant appeals, claiming that the court should
either have dismissed Plaintiff’s lawsuit based on the contract’s forum selection
clause, or should have abstained since Defendant had filed its Australian
lawsuit first. </div>
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On Defendant’s appeal, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the
Sixth Circuit affirms. It rules (1) that the district court had properly
ordered the parties to arbitrate, and (2) did not abuse its discretion in
declining to issue an anti‑suit injunction. </div>
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Defendant first argues that the district court erred when it
failed to abstain on the basis of international comity. “Whether to abstain in
regard to a motion to compel arbitration because of international comity
concerns is an issue of first impression in this circuit. Case law is available
from other circuits in the area of abstention based upon international comity
in general. ‘One approach has taken the criteria enunciated in [Colorado River
Water Conservation Dist. v. United States, 424 U.S. 800 (1976)] Colorado River
and applied them to the international context’ while another approach has
developed a similar test with more of a focus on the ‘special concerns’ injected
by international comity. ...” </div>
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“Defendant suggests adopting the approach of the Eleventh
Circuit in [Turner Entm’t Co. v. Degeto Film GmbH, 25 F.3d 1512 (11th Cir.
1994)], which combined the two complementary lines of cases to develop a multi‑factor
balancing test: weighing international comity, concerns about ‘fairness to
litigants,’ and the ‘efficient use of scarce judicial resources.’”</div>
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“By contrast, Colorado River instructed courts to consider
several factors in determining whether to abstain in favor of a parallel
proceeding in the courts of another sovereign. The ‘most important’ factor
courts are to consider is whether there exists a ‘clear federal policy
evinc[ing] . . . the avoidance of piecemeal adjudication.’ supra at 819.
Additional factors include how far the parallel proceeding has advanced in the
other sovereign’s courts, the number of defendants and complexity of the
proceeding, the convenience of the parties, and whether a sovereign government
is participating in the suit. Id. at 820.” </div>
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“For the purposes of this appeal, it is not necessary that
we decide whether abstention is ever appropriate when one party seeks to compel
arbitration with regard to an agreement in which the other party is
international in origin. We conclude that even assuming that abstention might
be appropriate in such a circumstance, Defendant has not met its burden in
proving that abstention is required.” </div>
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“We base our conclusion upon weighing the factors found in
the Colorado River test. We believe the factors found in Colorado River are the
most applicable to the case at bar because those factors and their relative
weight match most closely the public‑policy concerns the Supreme Court has
identified as vital in the area of arbitration. Colorado River instructs that
the ‘most important’ factor a court must consider is whether there is a ‘clear
federal policy evinc[ing] . . . the avoidance of piecemeal adjudication’ found
within the statutory scheme at issue. Id. at 819. In the case of the Federal
Arbitration Act, there most clearly is not such a policy. [...]”</div>
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“International law, as incorporated by congressional action,
supports our conclusion that abstention is inappropriate in this case. A
similar concern for enforcing private agreements led to the adoption of the
international treaty under which Plaintiff seeks to vindicate its right to
arbitrate. Plaintiff filed this action under § 206 of the FAA. 9 U.S.C. § 206.
Section 206 provides that district courts may compel arbitration upon motion of
a party to an agreement covered by the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and
Enforcement of [Foreign] Arbitral Awards [21 U.S.T. 2517; T.I.A.S. 6997; 330
U.N.T.S. 3; in force for U.S. Dec. 29, 1970] (‘Convention’). ... Chapter Two of
the FAA incorporates the provisions of the Convention into American domestic
law. See 9 U.S.C. §§ 201‑208. Both Australia and the United States are
signatories to the Convention, and thus its terms govern the resolution of this
dispute. ... Article II of the Convention, as incorporated by the FAA,
establishes the requirements necessary for an arbitration agreement to come
within the Convention’s terms. The agreement must be in writing, concern a
‘legal relationship . . . which is considered as commercial,’ and either at
least one party to the contract must not be an American citizen or the
commercial relationship must have a ‘reasonable relation with one or more
foreign states.’ 9 U.S.C. § 202. Cf. Convention, Article II.” </div>
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<br /></div>
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“The MOA and Deed of Copyright License, which concern the
transfer of multiples pieces of intellectual property and corporate stock, are
in writing and clearly concern a commercial topic. Furthermore, it is
undisputed that Plaintiff is an American corporation and [that] Defendant is
Australian in citizenship. All of the Convention’s requirements are therefore
met. Consequently, ‘when one of the parties’ to the arbitration agreement
requests a court refer the dispute to arbitration, that court ‘shall’ do so.
Convention art. II(3). Cf. 9 U.S.C. § 208.”</div>
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“As other courts construing the Convention’s language have
observed, ‘there is nothing discretionary about Article II(3) of the
Convention.’ Tennessee Imports, Inc. v. Filippi, 745 F. Supp. 1314, 1322 (M. D.
Tenn. 1990) ... The language of the treaty and its statutory incorporation
provide for no exceptions. When any party seeks arbitration, if the agreement
falls within the Convention, we must compel the arbitration unless the
agreement is ‘null and void, inoperative, or incapable of being performed.’
Convention, art. II(3). Defendant makes no such argument before us.” </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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“Further, it is difficult to see how comity concerns could
come into play where both Australia and the United States, as signatories to
the Convention, apply the same law. Defendant did not seek to compel
arbitration in its action. Plaintiff instead filed the first action seeking to
compel arbitration. To assume that the district court’s order infringes on
comity concerns is to assume that Australian courts would not follow their
obligation under the Convention, as Defendant’s argument must rest upon an
assumption that an Australian court would be less likely to order arbitration.
Such an argument both demeans the foreign tribunal and hardly advances the
comity interests that Defendant claims to seek to vindicate. Cf. Gau Shan Co.
v. Bankers Trust Co., 956 F.2d 1349, 1355 (6th Cir. 1992) (noting that federal
courts should not seek to convey a message that they have ‘little confidence in
the foreign court’s ability to adjudicate a given dispute fairly’).”</div>
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<br /></div>
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“Finally, we note that the other factors delineated in
Colorado River do not clearly weigh in Defendant’s favor. The Australian
proceeding is only in its initial stages, and the Australian courts have yet to
consider Plaintiff’s jurisdictional and venue defenses. Because one group of
witnesses is in Australia and another separate group is in Kentucky, either
forum will be inconvenient for half of the parties such that this factor is a
draw.” </div>
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<br /></div>
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“The issues raised by the parties involve the interpretation
of a half‑century‑old Convention whose terms are largely unambiguous, and no
sovereign is participating in these proceedings. Cf. Colorado River, 424 U.S.
at 820. Consequently, because neither international comity nor the traditional
abstention factors applicable to parallel proceedings require abstention, we
hold that the district court did not err in declining to abstain in favor of
the prior‑filed Australian proceedings.” [Slip op.4‑6]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>Answers in Genesis of Kentucky, Inc. v.
Creation Ministries Int’l, Ltd., 556 F.3d 459 (6th Cir. 2009).</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-31933812684448737362018-07-14T15:10:00.001-07:002018-07-15T15:59:05.512-07:00World Trade Organization tribunal adopts Panel report in United States‑China dispute over intellectual property rights, agreeing to some extent with United States complaints<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
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mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:8.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:107%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
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<b>World Trade Organization tribunal adopts Panel report in
United States‑China dispute over intellectual property rights, agreeing to some
extent with United States complaints</b></div>
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The World Trade Organization (WTO) has adopted the Report of
the Dispute Settlement Panel circulated on January 26, 2009, in the U.S.‑China
dispute over intellectual property rights. The U.S. claimed that China
(Plaintiffs) does not adequately protect and enforce U.S. copyrights and
trademarks.</div>
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The U.S. had brought the complaint before the WTO in April
2007, requesting consultations. Specifically, the U.S. claims that (1) China
lacked criminal procedures and penalties for commercial counterfeiting and
piracy, which is inconsistent with Articles 41.1 and 61 of the WTO Agreement on
Trade‑Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). </div>
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The U.S. alleges that China punishes trademark counterfeiting
and copyright infringement only when the violators have exceeded certain
thresholds; the TRIPS, however, arguably requires the punishment of all such
infringements. (2) China allows the release of certain infringing goods seized
at the border into the channels of commerce once the importer has removed the
infringing trademarks; this is inconsistent with Articles 46 and 59 of the
TRIPS . (3) China fails to provide the protections of the Berne Convention for
the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works of 1896, as revised and amended
until 1971 [in force for U.S. March 1, 1989] to works of those authors whose
publications or distribution the government has not authorized; this does not
square with Article 9.1 of the TRIPS.</div>
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The Panel found, in particular: </div>
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(a) that the Chinese Copyright Law, specifically the first
sentence of Article 4, does conflict with China’s obligations under: (I)
Article 5(1) of the Berne Convention (1971), as incorporated by Articles 9.1
and 41.1 of TRIPS.</div>
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(b) with respect to the Customs measures the Panel
concludes: (I) that Article 59 of TRIPS does not apply to the Customs measures
insofar as they apply to goods destined for export; (ii) that the United States
has not shown that the Customs measures are at war with Article 59 of TRIPS,
since it incorporates the principles set out in the first sentence of Article
46 of the TRIPS ; and (iii) that the Customs measures are inconsistent with
Article 59 of the TRIPS, as it incorporates the principle set out in the fourth
sentence of Article 46 of TRIPS.</div>
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(c) The Panel concludes that the United States has not
established that the criminal thresholds conflict with China’s obligations
under the first sentence of Article 61 of the TRIPS.</div>
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<br /></div>
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To the extent that the Chinese Copyright Law and the Customs
measures are inconsistent with the TRIPS , they nullify or impair benefits
accruing to the United States under that Agreement. The Panel thus recommends
that China bring its Copyright Law and the Customs measures into conformity
with its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement.</div>
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<b>Citation: </b>China—Measures Affecting the Protection and
Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights, Report of the Panel (WT/DS362/R)
(26 January 2009). [The Report is available on website: www.wto.org; U.S. Trade
Representative press release of March 20, 2009, is available on website:
www.ustr.gov.]</div>
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**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-47896853424803608432018-07-14T15:09:00.003-07:002018-07-15T16:02:18.050-07:00Paris Court of Appeal holds that French Plaintiffs’ failure to have civil complaint, otherwise proper in form, delivered to California Defendant in time for Defendant to prepare its defense violated Principle of Contradictory Proceedings<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Paris Court of Appeal holds that French Plaintiffs’ failure
to have civil complaint, otherwise proper in form, delivered to California
Defendant in time for Defendant to prepare its defense violated Principle of
Contradictory Proceedings</b></div>
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This is an appeal from a judgment of the Paris District
Court (Tribunal de Grande Instance) dated June 22, 2007. The Court handed down
its judgment in the course of infringement proceedings between M. Jean‑Yves X,
the author and performer of sketches for radio and television (Plaintiff) and
MYSPACE Inc, an American company (Defendant) headquartered in California. The
Defendant ran an internet website describing itself as “... a social network
service which allowed its members to create unique personal profiles online in
order to communicate with old and new friends.”</div>
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The Plaintiff complained that, without his consent, a page
dedicated to him appeared on the Defendant’s website. It included his
photograph, personal information about him, plus interviews and video
recordings of his sketches. He filed proceedings in the Paris court claiming
breach of copyright and infringement of his moral rights.</div>
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He obtained from the Paris interlocutory judge leave to
serve a summons upon the American company abroad requesting the latter to
appear before the Paris court on a specified date. The leave included a
condition that the summons be “delivered” to the Defendant by a certain date at
the latest. The court sent the summons to the appropriate American
International Process Forwarding Authority (IPFA) with a request to see to it
that it gets served on the Defendants, and on the same date it was mailed from
Paris to the Defendants.</div>
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The IPFA acknowledged receipt of the summons. It refused to
serve it on the Defendants, however, because IPFA did not think it would give
the Defendants enough time to prepare their defense. The IPFA also asked for
the issuance of a new summons and the setting of a new hearing date. The Paris
judge entered an order against the Defendant. </div>
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It took an appeal, and applied for it to be set aside on the
ground that they had not been properly served with the document instituting the
proceedings. They claimed in particular that they had not gotten notice of the
mailed document because no member of Defendant’s management had acknowledged
receipt of it as apparently required by California law. </div>
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The document instituting the proceedings had clearly failed
to reach its addressee before the date the President of the Paris District
Court had expressly specified as a condition upon his giving leave to summon
the Defendant. Because the said leave had thus lapsed after that date, the
proceedings that followed ceased to have, as of that moment, any legal basis. </div>
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The late delivery of the summons (which was concededly
proper in form) amounted to a breach of the principle of Contradictory
Proceedings. That Principle ( principe du contradictoire) apparently requires
that all parties to a French civil action be involved in the proceedings,
having been properly served and given a chance to make their submissions and
their exchanges of evidence.</div>
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Applicable in cases like this, the Hague Convention on the
Service Abroad of Judicial and Extrajudicial Documents in Civil or Commercial
Matters [20 U.S.T. 361; T.I.A.S. 6638; 658 U.N.T.S. 163 ; done November 15,
1965; entered into force between France and United States on September 1,
1972]. The Plaintiffs urged that they had complied with the Convention by using
the semi‑direct procedure provided, and by sending the required documents to
the IPFA and by notifying Defendant of the proposed hearing date. In
exceptional circumstances, the Hague Convention provides for the possibility of
a direct communication by post.</div>
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The French Court of Appeal rules against the Plaintiffs. “A
judge dealing with interlocutory matters must, as any judge must, respect the
principle of Contradictory Proceedings and make sure it is observed; it must
check that the addressee of a summons making him a party to [French]
proceedings, had knowledge of it in proper time; he must also be satisfied, in
accordance with the provisions of art.486 of the Code of Civil Procedure, that
sufficient time elapsed between the summons and the hearing to allow the
summoned party to prepare [its] defence.”<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
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“In giving leave, on May 10, 2007, to M. X ... and the
limited company X ... to summon MYSPACE in the United States to appear [at the
Paris forum] on a fixed date, at a hearing which was to take place the
following June 15, the President of the Paris District Court only gave that
leave subject to the ‘delivery’ of the summons before May 16, 2007, at 1400
hrs, that condition being explained by the concern to comply with the principle
of Contradictory Proceedings.”</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“In accordance with
the provisions of art.653 of the Code of Civil Procedure it follows from the
Decree 2005‑1678 of December 28, 2005, that the notification of a document only
results from its delivery to the addressee.”</div>
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“In the present case, it is established that the document
instituting the proceedings was addressed by a bailiff, at the request of the
Plaintiffs, ... on May 15, 2007, to the authority in the United States with
jurisdiction to notify such a document, that authority having acknowledged its
receipt on May 23, 2007; the said authority did not transmit it to MYSPACE, its
only addressee.”</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“It is also
established that the said document was addressed, according to the terms of the
sender bailiff’s attached letter, for (its) information, to MYSPACE, by post on
May 15, 2007, that document having been received by its addressee on the
following May 21.”</div>
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“... [I]t must be recognised that this document instituting
the proceedings, had not been delivered to its addressee before May 16, 2007 at
1400 hours, [the] condition imposed by the President of the Paris District
Court upon his giving leave to summon.”</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“The said leave,
having thus lapsed after May 16, 2007, at 1400 hrs, the proceedings which
followed no longer had, as from that moment, any legal basis; the late delivery
of the summons did not result in it being null as regards its form, but
amounted to a breach of the principle of Contradictory Proceedings. It follows
that the order complained of must be set aside, and a new ruling be given with
a finding that the proceedings had not been properly started, because of the
breach of the principle of Contradictory Proceedings.” [¶¶ 13‑20].</div>
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<b>Citation: </b>MYSPACE, Inc. v. X, [2009] I. L. Pr. 21;
2008 WL 5973788 (Cour d’Appel, Paris, 14th Chmbr.) (October 29, 2008).</div>
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**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-22862628555258674502018-07-14T15:09:00.001-07:002018-07-15T16:08:34.406-07:00WTO Appellate Body rules favorably on most aspects of decision in favor of U.S. in U.S.‑China copyright dispute<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>WTO Appellate Body rules favorably on most aspects of
decision in favor of U.S. in U.S.‑China copyright dispute</b></div>
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On December 21, 2009, the Appellate Body of the World Trade
Organization (WTO) issued its report (ABR) regarding the U.S.‑China dispute
over “Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain
Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products” (DS363). The products at
issue include movies for theater release, DVDs, music, books and journals. The
ABR largely upholds the prior, very lengthy Dispute Settlement Report of August
2009, which sided with the U.S. on most issues. See 2009 International Law
Update 95.</div>
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The dispute first came before the WTO in 2007. The U.S.
asked for consultations with China about (1) certain Chinese measures that
restrict trading rights as to imported movies for theater release, audio‑visual
home entertainment products (videos/DVDs), sound recordings and publications
(books, magazines, newspapers, electronic publications); and (2) certain
Chinese measures that restrict market access for foreign suppliers. Because the
consultations were unsuccessful, the DSB set up a Panel in November 2007. The
DSB Report was almost 500 pages long. </div>
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The Appellate Body now: </div>
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(1) upholds the Panel’s conclusions, in [paragraph
8.1.2(c)(ii), (iii), (vi), and (vii) of] the Panel Report, that Article 30 of
the Film Regulation and Article 16 of the Film Enterprise Rule are inconsistent
with China’s trading rights commitments [in ¶¶ 1.2 and 5.1 of China’s Accession
Protocol and paragraphs 83(d) and 84(a) and (b) of China’s Accession Working
Party Report;] </div>
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(2) upholds the Panel’s conclusions, [in paragraph
8.1.2(d)(I) and (v) of the Panel Report727], that Article 5 of the 2001
Audiovisual Products Regulation and Article 7 of the Audiovisual Products
Importation Rule are inconsistent with China’s obligation, in [paragraph 1.2 of
]China’s Accession Protocol [and paragraph 84(b) of China’s]</div>
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(3) finds that, by virtue of [the introductory clause of
paragraph 5.1 of] China’s Accession Protocol, China may, in this dispute,
invoke Article XX(a) of the GATT 1994 to justify provisions found to be
inconsistent with China’s trading rights commitments under its Accession
Protocol and Working Party Report;</div>
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(4) upholds the Panel’s conclusion, [in paragraph 8.2.(a)(I)
of the Panel Report,] that China has not shown that the relevant provisions are
“necessary” to protect public morals, within the meaning of Article XX(a) of
the GATT 1994. As a result, China has not established that these provisions are
justified under Article XX(a).</div>
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(5) upholds the Panel’s conclusion, [in paragraph
8.2.3(b)(I) of the Panel Report], that the provisions of China’s measures
prohibiting foreign‑invested entities from engaging in the distribution of
sound recordings in electronic form are inconsistent with Article XVII of the
GATS.</div>
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The Appellate Body recommends that China bring the measures
at issue into compliance with China’s Accession Protocol, China’s Accession
Working Party Report, the GATS, and the GATT 1994.</div>
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<b>Citation</b>: China—Measures Affecting Trading Rights and
Distribution Services for Certain Publications and Audiovisual Entertainment Products
(DS363). The report is available at www.wto.org; U.S. Trade Representative
press release of 21 December 2009, available at www.ustr.gov.</div>
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**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-888226176844689052018-07-14T15:08:00.003-07:002018-07-15T16:08:11.444-07:00Although Calvin Klein, U.S. Plaintiff, challenged European registration of later trademark by Spanish company that manufactures same varieties of leather goods as Plaintiff’s, European Court of Justice upholds adverse ruling by trial court and holds that Spanish Defendant’s proposed new mark is so distinctively different that average EC consumer would be unlikely to confuse it with Plaintiff’s well‑established mark<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
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<br />
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Although Calvin Klein, U.S. Plaintiff, challenged
European registration of later trademark by Spanish company that manufactures
same varieties of leather goods as Plaintiff’s, European Court of Justice
upholds adverse ruling by trial court and holds that Spanish Defendant’s
proposed new mark is so distinctively different that average EC consumer would
be unlikely to confuse it with Plaintiff’s well‑established mark</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In its appeal, Calvin Klein Trademark Trust (Plaintiff),
incorporated in Wilmington, Delaware, USA, seeks to persuade the European Court
of Justice (ECJ) to set aside the judgment of the General Court (GC) [formerly
the Court of First Instance of the European Communities (EC)] dated May 7,
2009. The GC had dismissed Plaintiff’s action to overturn the decision of the
Office for Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs)
(OHIM). By that decision, the OHIM Board of Appeal had rejected Plaintiff’s
opposition to the application lodged by Zafra Marroquineros SL of Spain
(Defendant) to register Defendant’s word mark: “CK CREACIONES KENNYA” as a
valid EC trade mark.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(N.B. Council Trade Mark Regulation (EC) No 207/2009 of
February 26 2009 (OJ 2009 L 78, p. 0001), in force as of April 13, 2009 has
repealed Council Trademark Regulation (EC) No 40/94 of December 20, 1993. At
the time of the activities involved here, however, Regulation 40/94 was still
in effect and hence governs the present case.) </div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection2">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 provided as follows:
“Upon opposition by the proprietor of an earlier trade mark, the trade mark
applied for shall not be registered: <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> (b) if, because of its
identity with, or similarity to the earlier trade mark and the identity or
similarity of the goods or services covered by the trade marks, there exists a
likelihood of confusion on the part of the public in the territory in which the
earlier trade mark is protected; <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> the likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of
association with the earlier trade mark.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Article 8(5) of Regulation No 40/94 provided that “upon
opposition by the proprietor of an earlier trade mark within the meaning of
paragraph 2, the trade mark applied for shall not be registered where it is
identical with, or similar to, the earlier trade mark and is to be registered
for goods or services which are not similar to those for which the earlier
trade mark is registered, where in the case of an earlier Community trade mark
the trade mark has a reputation in the Community and, in the case of an earlier
national trade mark, the trade mark has a reputation in the Member State
concerned and where the use without due cause of the trade mark applied for
would take unfair advantage of, or be detrimental to, the distinctive character
or the repute of the earlier trade mark.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Article 51(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 further provided as
follows: “A Community trade mark shall be declared invalid on application to
the Office or on the basis of a counterclaim in infringement proceedings, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> (b)
where the applicant was acting in bad faith when he filed the application for
the trade mark.” On October 7, 2003, the Defendant applied to the OHIM to
register the word sign “CK CREACIONES KENNYA” as a valid EC trade mark.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Defendants belong to Classes 18 and 25 of the Nice
Agreement concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for
the Purposes of the Registration of Marks of June 15, 1957, as revised and
amended. Class 18 includes leather and imitations of leather, and goods made of
these materials and not included in other classes; animal skins; trunks and
travelling bags; umbrellas, parasols and walking sticks; whips, harness and
saddler. Moreover, Class 25 includes “clothing, footwear, headgear”.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
On September 6, 2004, the Plaintiff filed its opposition to
Defendant’s registration of the mark. Plaintiff’s opposition rested on all the
goods and services covered by its earlier marks and opposed all the goods
covered by Defendant’s trade mark application. On December 22, 2005, the OHIM
rejected the opposition in its entirety. It found that there was no likelihood
of confusion between the marks at issue for the relevant consumers. On March
29, 2007, the Second Board of Appeal dismissed the Plaintiff’s internal appeal.
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By application lodged at the Registry of the General Court
(GC) on May 29. 2007, Plaintiff, Calvin Klein, sued to annul the contested
decision and for an order that OHIM should refuse to register Defendant’s
proposed trade mark. Plaintiff relied on a single plea, alleging infringement
of Article 8(1) and (5) of Regulation No 40/94. The GC dismissed the action by
finding that the lack of similarity between the signs at issue stems from the
visual, phonetic and conceptual differences between the signs. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection3">
<div class="MsoNormal">
As to the likelihood of confusion, the GC considered that it
was inappropriate to conclude that there was a likelihood of confusion in the
absence of any similarity between the marks at issue. The fact that the goods covered
by the conflicting marks are identical does not alter that assessment.
Moreover, although marks with a highly distinctive character on account of
their reputation do enjoy broader protection, the recognition here of the
reputation of the earlier marks cannot call into question the finding that the
marks at issue create overall impressions which are too distinctive for it to
be found that there is a likelihood of confusion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Plaintiff Klein duly appealed to the ECJ which assigned its
case to the First Chamber. The Plaintiff relies on two grounds; it contends
that there was an infringement not only [1] of Article 8(1) of Regulation No
40/94 but also, [2] of Article 8(5) of that Regulation. The ECJ, however,
disagrees and upholds the [GC’s] ruling. The following are edited excerpts from
the ECJ’s opinion.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Para. 43. “As regards the first part of the first ground of
appeal, Article 8(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 provides that, upon opposition
by the proprietor of an earlier trade mark, the mark applied for is not to be
registered if, because of its identity with. or similarity to, the earlier
trade mark and the identity or similarity of the goods or services covered by
the trade marks, there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the
public in the territory in which the earlier trade mark is protected. According
to that provision, such a likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of
association with the earlier trade mark.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
44. “According to the settled case‑law of the Court, the
existence of a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public must be
appreciated globally, taking into account all factors relevant to the
circumstances of the case [Cites].” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
45. “It is also apparent from settled case‑law that the
global assessment of the likelihood of confusion, in relation to the visual,
aural or conceptual similarity of the marks in question, must be based on the
overall impression given by the marks, bearing in mind, in particular, their
distinctive and dominant components. The perception of the marks by the average
consumer of the goods or services in question plays a decisive role in the
global appreciation of that likelihood of confusion. The average consumer
normally perceives a mark as a whole and does not proceed to analyze its various
details. [Cites].”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
46. “<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> [T]he similarity of the marks at issue must be assessed
from the point of view of the average consumer by referring to the intrinsic
qualities of the marks and not to circumstances relating to the conduct of the
person applying for a Community trade mark.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
47. “It must therefore be held that, contrary to the
[Plaintiff’s] submissions in the first part of its first ground of appeal, the
[GC’s] analysis is not vitiated by an error of law due to the fact that it
failed to take account of alleged wrongful conduct on the part of the trade
mark applicant. While such conduct is a particularly significant factor in
proceedings brought under Article 51(1)(b) of Regulation No 40/94 ‑‑ which is
not at issue in the present appeal ‑‑ it is not, on the other hand, a factor
that must be taken into account in opposition proceedings brought under Article
8 of that regulation. 48. It follows that the first part of the first ground of
appeal must be dismissed as unfounded.”</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection4">
<div class="MsoNormal">
49. “As regards the second part of that ground of appeal,
alleging distortion of the facts, it should be noted at the outset that, under
Article 225(1) EC and the first subparagraph of Article 58 of the Statute of
the Court of Justice, an appeal lies on a point of law only. The [GC] [is a
trial court of general jurisdiction and thus] has exclusive jurisdiction to
find and appraise the relevant facts and to assess the evidence. The appraisal
of those facts and the assessment of that evidence thus does not ‑‑ save where
they distort the evidence ‑‑ constitute a point of law which is subject, as
such, to review by the Court of Justice on appeal. [Cites].”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
50. “The assessment of the similarities between the signs at
issue is of a factual nature and, save where the evidence and facts are
distorted, is not subject to review by the Court of Justice. Such distortion
must be obvious from the documents on the Court’s file, without there being any
need to carry out a new assessment of the facts and the evidence. [Cites].”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
51, 52. “The [Plaintiff] has failed to produce any evidence
which would make it possible to consider that the [GC] distorted the facts by
finding, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>that
the lack of any similarity between the signs at issue stems from the visual,
phonetic and conceptual differences between the signs. The [Plaintiff’s]
argument that the distortion derives from the fact that the GC failed to take
account of [Defendant’s] conduct must be disregarded since, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>,
that court was not required to take such conduct into account when carrying out
its assessment. Accordingly, the second part of the first ground of appeal must
be rejected as unfounded.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
53. “As regards the third part of the first ground of
appeal, it should be noted, first, that, where there is no similarity between
the earlier mark and the mark applied for, the reputation of, or the well‑known
nature attaching to, the earlier mark and the fact that the goods or services
concerned are identical or similar are not sufficient for it to be found that
there is a likelihood of confusion between the marks at issue. [Cites].”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
54. “In the judgment under appeal, the [GC] found that there
was no similarity between the marks at issue. It stated, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> that
the visual, phonetic and conceptual examination of the marks shows that the
overall impression created by the [Plaintiff’s] earlier marks is dominated by
the element ‘ck’ whereas that created by the trade mark applied for is
dominated by the element ‘creaciones kennya’, concluding that the lack of
similarity between the signs at issue thus stems from their visual, phonetic
and conceptual differences.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
55. “In order to reach that conclusion, the [GC] carried
out, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
an analysis forming part of the process the purpose of which is to determine
the overall impression created by the marks at issue and to carry out a global
assessment of the similarity of the marks. Thus, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> it conducted a detailed
analysis of the mark applied for, taken as a whole, taking into account in
particular how the average consumer perceives the mark. That analysis was
followed, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
by an examination of the visual, phonetic and conceptual similarity of the
marks at issue.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="WordSection5">
<div class="MsoNormal">
56. “<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> [T]he existence of a similarity between two marks does
not presuppose that their common component forms the dominant element within
the overall impression created by the mark applied for. According to
established case‑law, in order to assess the similarity of two marks, it is
necessary to consider each of the marks as a whole, although that does not rule
out the possibility that the overall impression created in the mind of the
relevant public by a complex trade mark may, in certain circumstances, be
dominated by one or more of its components. It is only if all the other
components of the mark are negligible, however, that the assessment of the similarity
can be carried out solely on the basis of the dominant element.” [Cites]. In
that connection, it is sufficient for the common component not to be
negligible.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
57. “[I]t is clear, however, that the [GC] found, first,
that the overall impression created by the mark applied for is dominated by the
element ‘creaciones kennya’, on which the consumer concerned will to a very
great extent focus his attention and, second, ,,, that the element ‘ck’
occupies only an ancillary position in relation to that element, which, in
essence, amounts to a conclusion that the element ‘ck’ in the mark applied for
is negligible.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
58. “Thus, having ruled out, on the basis of a properly
conducted analysis, any similarity between the marks at issue, the [GC]
correctly concluded, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> that, notwithstanding the reputation of the earlier
marks and the fact that the goods covered by the marks at issue are identical,
there is no likelihood of confusion between the marks.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
59, 60. “The third part of the first ground of appeal must therefore
be declared unfounded. In those circumstance, the first ground of appeal must
be rejected.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
61. “By its second ground of appeal, the [Plaintiff]
criticises the G C for failing to have regard to Article 8(5) of Regulation No
40/94 by failing to examine the reputation of the earlier marks in the context
of that provision.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
62. “The [GC] did err by stating, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> that the [Plaintiff]
relie[d] on a single plea in law, alleging infringement of Article 8(1)(b) of
Regulation No 40/94, whereas the application was also expressly based on
infringement of Article 8(5) of that Regulation.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
63. “By stating that, since the marks at issue are not
similar, there was no need to consider the reputation of the earlier marks, the
GC erred in law. In the [Plaintiff’s] view, account should have been taken of
the fact that Calvin Klein’s earlier mark, ‘cK,’ is well known in determining
whether it should be afforded greater protection. The reputation of an earlier
mark should be considered in the course of the assessment of the similarity
between the marks at issue and not after similarity has been established.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
64. “<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> [Plaintiff] submits that, if the well‑known ‘cK’ marks
were protected only when the letters ‘cK’ were used by third parties with the
same mode of graphic representation, that would be tantamount to conferring on
the well‑known mark CK a lower level of protection in practice than it would
enjoy if it was not widely known. The fact that the ‘cK’ trade marks, along
with other distinct graphic representations of those letters, are well known
protects them against the use of the letters ‘CK’ in the fashion sector, since,
in that sector, those letters are identified with ‘Calvin Klein,’ so that the
use of those letters by a third party would lead to confusion by association.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
65. “OHIM contends that, <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> the [GC] gave a correct
ruling on the question of the reputation of the earlier mark. Since the signs
at issue cannot be regarded as similar, Article 8(5) of Regulation No 40/94 is
not applicable.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
66. “[Defendant] submits that the judgement under appeal
refers to the reputation of the earlier marks. Recognising the reputation of
the figurative element ‘CK’ in the earlier mark, the judgment under appeal then
goes on to state that that reputation does not alter the fact that there is no
likelihood of confusion between the marks at issue.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Findings of the
ECJ:] 67. “By its second ground of appeal, the [Plaintiff] complains, in
essence, that the [GC] incorrectly confined its assessment to an analysis of
Article 8(1) of Regulation No 40/94, without examining the [Plaintiff’s]
arguments in the light of Article 8(5), and failed to take account of the
reputation and well‑known nature which attaches to the earlier marks in
carrying out the assessment required under Article 8(5) of Regulation No
40/94.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
68, 69 “It should be noted that, in order for Article 8(5)
of Regulation No 40/94 to be applicable, the marks at issue must be identical
or similar. Consequently, that provision is manifestly inapplicable where, as
in the present case, the [GC] ruled out any similarity between the marks at
issue. Accordingly, the second ground of appeal must be rejected as unfounded.”
In conclusion, the European Court of Justice dismisses Plaintiff’s appeal. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation:</b> Calvin Klein Trademark Trust v. Office for
Harmonisation in the Internal Market (Trade Marks and Designs) (OHIM); Case C‑254/09;
Celex No. 609J0254 (Eur.Ct.Just. [1st Chamber] Sept. 2, 2010).</div>
<br />
<br />
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**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-53577158109373259662018-07-14T15:08:00.001-07:002018-07-15T16:07:47.474-07:00Second Circuit affirms the district court’s holding that the first sale doctrine does not apply to copies of publications manufactured outside of the United States<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Second Circuit affirms the district court’s holding that
the first sale doctrine does not apply to copies of publications manufactured
outside of the United States</b></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: auto;" />
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<br />
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Plaintiff John Wiley & Sons, a publisher of academic,
scientific, and educational journals and books, sells its publications
domestically and internationally. For sales in foreign countries, the Plaintiff
uses its subsidiary John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. The written content
is generally similar in the books intended for domestic markets and in the
books intended for international markets, though the design and package may
differ. The foreign editions are demarcated with a symbol signifying that the
book may only be sold a specific country or geographic region. The Defendant
Supap Kirtsaeng moved to the United States from Thailand in 1997 to attend
Cornell University. He later moved to California to pursue a doctoral degree. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Allegedly, between 2007 and 2008, Kirtsaeng’s friends and
family shipped the Defendant foreign editions of textbooks printed abroad by
Wiley Asia. Kirtsaeng then sold these books on eBay.com He would then repay his
family and friends for the cost of acquiring and shipping the books and keep
the profits for himself as he subsidized his education. On September 8, 2008,
Wiley filed suit against Kirtsaeng in the United States District Court of the
Southern District of New York claiming copyright infringement. Kirtsaeng
attempted to assert a defense of the first sale doctrine, but the district
court prohibited him from doing so and rejected the applicability of the
doctrine to foreign editions of textbooks not manufactured pursuant to U.S.
Copyright Act. Kirtsaeng was found liable for copyright infringement and then
appealed, claiming that the district court erred in holding that the first sale
doctrine was not an available defense. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The United States
Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirms the district court’s holding
that the first sale doctrine does not apply to foreign books or copies
manufactured outside of the United States. This claim is a matter of first
impression for this Court. The Court begins by interpreting the first sale
doctrine, which states that the owner of a lawfully acquired copy of a work may
sell or otherwise dispose of the copy without the authority of the copyright
owner. However, § 602(a) of the Copyright Act gives copyright holders broad
control over the circumstance in which their copyrighted work may be imported
into the United States. The Court cited a recent Supreme Court opinion in Omega
S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 541 F.3d 982 (9th Cir.2008), that states that
the first sale doctrine does not apply to items manufactured outside of the
United States unless they were previously imported and sold in the United
States with the copyright holder’s permission.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The Court then begins is statutory interpretation of the
first sale doctrine by using a textual analysis of the phrase “lawfully made
under this title.” The Court focuses on the words “made” and “under.” However,
it finds that the relevant text is simply unclear. “[L]awfully made under this
title” could plausibly be interpreted to mean any number of things, including:
(1) “manufactured in the United States,” (2) “any work made that is subject to
protection under this title,” or (3) “lawfully made under this title had this
title been applicable.” 654 F.3d 220.</div>
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Since the textual analysis did not prove particularly
helpful, the Court then decides to adopt an interpretation that best comports
with the § 602(a) and the Supreme Court decision in Quality King Distributors,
Inc. v. L’anza Research International, Inc., 523 U.S. 135 (1998). By analyzing
both, the Court concluded that the best interpretation of § 109(a) is where it
only applies to copies manufactured domestically. “In adopting this view, we
are comforted by the fact that our interpretation of § 109(a) is one that the
Justices appear to have had in mind when deciding Quality King. There, the Court
reasoned, admittedly in dicta, that § 602(a)(1) had a broader scope than §
109(a) because, at least in part, § 602(a)(1) applies to a category of copies
that are neither piratical nor lawfully made under this title. That category
encompasses copies that were lawfully made not under the United States
Copyright Act, but instead, under the law of some other country.” 654 F.3d 221
(internal citation omitted).</div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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“Applying these principles to the facts of this case, we
conclude that the District Court correctly decided that Kirtsaeng could not
avail himself of the first sale doctrine codified by § 109(a) since all the
books in question were manufactured outside of the United States. In sum, we
hold that the phrase ‘lawfully made under this Title’ in § 109(a) refers
specifically and exclusively to copies that are made in territories in which
the Copyright Act is law, and not to foreign‑manufactured works. . . . We
freely acknowledge that this is a particularly difficult question of statutory
construction in light of the ambiguous language of § 109(a), but our holding is
supported by the structure of Title 17 as well as the Supreme Court’s opinion
in Quality King.” 654 F.3d 222.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation: </b>John Wiley & Sons Inc. v. Kirtsaeng,
654 F.3d 210 (2d Cir. 2011).</div>
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-5306283348740465062018-07-14T15:07:00.003-07:002018-07-15T16:06:59.479-07:00U.S. Supreme Court affirms Tenth Circuit’s ruling that Congress’ enactment of section 514 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act was constitutional though it removes copyrighted work from the public domain<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
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<b>U.S. Supreme Court affirms Tenth Circuit’s ruling that
Congress’ enactment of section 514 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act was
constitutional though it removes copyrighted work from the public domain</b></div>
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Petitioners are orchestra conductors, musicians, publishers,
and others who formerly enjoyed free access to works in the public domain. They
filed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of § 514 of the Uruguay Round
Agreements Act in 2001.The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works (Berne Convention or Berne), which took effect in 1886, is the
principal instrument that governs international copyright issues. The United
States joined the Convention in 1989. </div>
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In §514 of the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA),
Congress gave works enjoying copyright protection abroad the same full term of
protection available to U.S. works. The URAA grants copyright protection to pre‑existing
works of Berne member countries protected in their country of origin, but
previously lacking protection in the United States to improve U.S. protections
in three undesirable situations: [1] that the United States failed to protect
works from the country of origin at the time of publication;[2] that the United
States did not protect sound recordings made before 1972; or [3] that the
foreign author or composer had failed to comply with U.S. statutory
formalities.</div>
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The URAA affords no protection to a foreign work after its
copyright term has expired, whether under the laws of the country of origin or
U.S. laws. This causes the work to fall within the public domain. URAA’s § 514
grants authors the protection they would have enjoyed had the United States
maintained copyright relations with the author’s country. Finally, foreign
authors gain no credit to make up for the protection they lacked in years prior
to § 514’s enactment. Congress then tried to include ameliorating
accommodations to foreign authors. </div>
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Petitioners sued the United States in the U.S. District
Court for the District of Colorado. The District Court, however, gave summary
judgment to the U.S. The Petitioners appealed to the U.S. Court of Appeals for
the Tenth Circuit, which affirmed in part and remanded with an instruction to
the District Court to address the First Amendment claim. The District Court
then held that Section 514 does not regulate speech on the basis of its
content. The law must be upheld if narrowly tailored to serve a significant
government interest. The District Court concluded that the Petitioners are
entitled to Summary Judgment because §514’s constriction of the public domain
was not justified by any of the asserted federal interests (compliance with Berne
Convention, securing greater protection for U.S. authors abroad, or remediation
of the inequitable treatment suffered by foreign authors whose works lacked
protection in the United States).</div>
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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit reversed.
The Supreme Court of the United States granted certiorari and affirms the Tenth
Circuit’s holding. </div>
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The Court begins by declaring that §514 does not exceed
Congress’ authority under the Copyright Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
Analyzing the text of this Clause, the Court finds that it does not exclude the
extension of copyright protection to works in the public domain. It finds that
the Petitioners are requesting a reading of the clause that is incompatible
with the Court’s previous decisions. </div>
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“The difference, Petitioners say, is that the limited time
had already passed for works in the public domain. What was that limited term
for foreign works once excluded from U.S. copyright protection? Exactly zero,
Petitioners respond. We find scant sense in this argument, for surely a
‘limited time’ of exclusivity must begin before it may end. In aligning the
United States with other nations bound by the Berne Convention, and thereby
according equitable treatment to once disfavored foreign authors, Congress can
hardly be charged with a design to move stealthily toward a regime of perpetual
copyrights.” [Slip op. 18‑19].</div>
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The history behind the Copyright Clause corroborates this
view. Though the Petitioners argue that Congress has acted contrary to its
customary practice by enacting a statute that removes works from the public
domain, the Court disagrees. The Court points out that Congress has previously
removed works from the public domain before the passage of the URAA.
“Subsequent actions confirm that Congress has not understood the Copyright
Clause to preclude protection for existing works. Several private bills
restored the copyrights of works that previously had been in the public domain.
. . . These bills were unchallenged in court.” [Slip op. 21]</div>
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Next, the Court looks to the stated purpose of the Copyright
Clause. It is to promote the Progress of Science and Useful Arts by enacting
systems of copyright and patent protection. Petitioners argue that removing
works from the public domain is not within this purpose, as it does not relate
to new works. The Court disagrees, </div>
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“In response to this argument, we held that the Copyright
Clause does not demand that each copyright provision, examined discretely,
operate to induce new works. Rather, we explained, the Clause empowers Congress
to determine the intellectual property regimes that, overall, in that body’s
judgment, will serve the ends of the Clause. And those permissible ends, we
held, extended beyond the creation of new works.” [Slip op. 24‑25]</div>
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“Considered against this backdrop, §514 falls comfortably
within Congress’ authority under the Copyright Clause. Congress rationally
could have concluded that adherence to Berne promotes the diffusion of
knowledge. A well‑functioning international copyright system would likely
encourage the dissemination of existing and future works. Full compliance with
Berne, Congress had reason to believe, would expand the foreign markets
available to U.S. authors and invigorate protection against piracy of U.S.
works abroad, thereby benefitting copyright‑intensive industries stateside and
inducing greater investment in the creative process.” [Slip op. 26] </div>
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“Congress determined that U.S. interests were best served by
our full participation in the dominant system of international copyright
protection. Those interests include ensuring exemplary compliance with our
international obligations, securing greater protection for U.S. authors abroad,
and remedying unequal treatment of foreign authors. The judgment §514 expresses
lies well within the ken of the political branches. It is our obligation, of
course, to determine whether the action Congress took, wise or not, encounters
any constitutional shoal. For the reasons stated, we are satisfied it does not.
The judgment of the Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit is therefore
[a]ffirmed.” [Slip op. 36]</div>
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<br />
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The Dissenters find that the Copyright Clause did not
authorize Congress to enact the statute. Conducting statutory interpretation,
the dissenters state that its conclusion has long been upheld by case law. “The
fact that, by withdrawing material from the public domain, the statute inhibits
an important preexisting flow of information is sufficient, when combined with
the other features of the statute that I have discussed, to convince me that
the Copyright Clause, interpreted in the light of the First Amendment, does not
authorize Congress to enact this statute.” [Slip op. 69]</div>
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<b>Citation:</b> Golan v. Holder, 132 S. Ct. 873; 181 LE.2d
835 (2012).</div>
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<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-40541119912618427792018-07-14T15:07:00.001-07:002018-07-15T16:06:32.870-07:00Fourth Circuit holds that Copyright Act has extraterritorial reach when the type of infringement permits further reproduction abroad<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>Fourth Circuit holds that Copyright Act has
extraterritorial reach when the type of infringement permits further
reproduction abroad</b></div>
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A group of companies (jointly “Alpha”) sued two groups of
foreign companies (“Al Dobowi,” based in the United Arab Emirates; and
“Linglong,” based in China) for copyright infringement. Alpha develops and
sells specialized tires for underground mining vehicles, trademarked as “Mine
Mauler.” Alpha filed copyright registrations for its tire designs.</div>
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It appears that a former Alpha employee gained access to
confidential documents about the Alpha tires and its customers, and shared them
with others, including Al Dobowi. Linglong agreed to manufacture the tires,
which were then sold under the brand name “Infinity.” Alpha soon noticed the
similarity of Infinity tires with its own Mine Mauler tires, and filed a
lawsuit in October 2009 in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of
Virginia. Eventually, the jury found for Alpha and awarded $26 million in
damages.</div>
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Al Dobowi and Linglong appeal, challenging the verdict and
the district court’s exercise of jurisdiction.</div>
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The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit affirms in
part, reverses in part, and vacates in part. The Court finds that the district
court properly exercised jurisdiction over the defendants, and affirms the
judgment as to the Copyright Act and conversion claims, as well as the jury’s
damages award. However, the Court dismisses the remaining claims submitted to
the jury, and vacates the award of attorneys’ fees.</div>
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As for the merits of the case, Al Dobowi and Linglong argue
that The Copyright Act of 1976 (An Act for the general revision of the
Copyright Law, title 17 of the United States Code, and for other purposes, Pub.
L. 94‑553 (Oct. 19, 1976), 17 U.S.C. §§ 101‑810) has no extraterritorial reach.
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“We hold that Alpha has presented a cognizable claim under
the Copyright Act and therefore uphold the jury’s finding of liability on that
count. We adopt the predicate‑act doctrine, which posits that a plaintiff may
collect damages from foreign violations of the Copyright Act so long as the
foreign conduct stems from a domestic infringement. No court applying the
doctrine has ascribed significance to the timeliness of domestic claims, and we
decline to endorse Appellants’ proposal that we limit its application to cases
where a domestic violation is not time barred.”</div>
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“As a general matter, the Copyright Act is considered to
have no extraterritorial reach. <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span> But courts have recognized a fundamental exception:
‘when the type of infringement permits further reproduction abroad,’ a
plaintiff may collect damages flowing from the foreign conduct. Update Art,
Inc. v. Modin Publ’g, Ltd., 843 F.2d 67, 73 (2d Cir. 1988).”</div>
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“This predicate‑act doctrine traces its roots to a famous
Second Circuit opinion penned by Learned Hand. See Sheldon v. Metro‑Goldwyn
Pictures Corp., 106 F.2d 45, 52 (2d Cir. 1939). The Second Circuit in Sheldon
was confronted with an undisputed domestic Copyright Act violation. The
defendant had converted the plaintiff’s motion picture while in the United
States and then exhibited the picture abroad. Id. The court was required to
decide whether the damages award could include profits made from foreign exhibition
of the film. Id. Answering the question in the affirmative, Judge Hand
articulated the framework of the predicate‑act doctrine:”</div>
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“‘The Culver Company made the negatives in this country, or
had them made here, and shipped them abroad, where the positives were produced
and exhibited. The negatives were ‘records’ from which the work could be
‘reproduced,’ and it was a tort to make them in this country. The plaintiffs
acquired an equitable interest in them as soon as they were made, which attached
to any profits from their exploitation, whether in the form of money remitted
to the United States, or of increase in the value of shares of foreign
companies held by the defendants. . . . [A]s soon as any of the profits so
realized took the form of property whose situs was in the United States, our
law seized upon them and impressed them with a constructive trust, whatever
their form.’”</div>
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“Id. Once a plaintiff demonstrates a domestic violation of
the Copyright Act, then, it may collect damages from foreign violations that
are directly linked to the U.S. infringement.”</div>
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“The Second Circuit has reaffirmed the continuing vitality
of the predicate‑act doctrine. Update Art, 843 F.2d at 73. In Update Art, the
plaintiff owned the rights to distribute and publish a certain graphic art
design. Id. at 68. Without authorization from the plaintiff, the defendant
published the image in an Israeli newspaper. Id. at 69. The court reasoned that
‘the applicability of American copyright laws over the Israeli newspapers depends
on the occurrence of a predicate act in the United States.’ Id. at 73. ‘If the
illegal reproduction of the poster occurred in the United States and then was
exported to Israel,’ the court continued, ‘the magistrate properly could
include damages accruing from the Israeli newspapers.’ Id. But if the predicate
act of reproduction occurred outside of the United States, the district court
could award no damages from newspaper circulation in Israel. Id.”</div>
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“More recently, the Ninth Circuit embraced the predicate‑act
doctrine. L.A. News Serv. v. Reuters Television Int’l, Ltd., 149 F.3d 987, 990‑92
(9th Cir. 1998). <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>
[<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>]
At least two other circuits have recognized the validity of the predicate‑act
doctrine, even if they have not had occasion to squarely apply it to the facts
before them. Litecubes, LLC v. N. Light Prods., Inc., 523 F.3d 1353, 1371 (Fed.
Cir. 2008) (endorsing principle that ‘courts have generally held that the
Copyright Act only does not reach activities ‘that take place entirely abroad’
‘ (quoting Subafilms, 24 F.3d at 1098)); Liberty Toy Co. v. Fred Silber Co.,
149 F.3d 1183, 1998 WL 385469, at *3 (6th Cir. 1998) (unpublished table
decision) (‘[I]f all the copying or infringement occurred outside the United
States, the Copyright Act would not apply. However, as long as some act of
infringement occurred in the United States, the Copyright Act applies.’
(citations omitted)).”</div>
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“We join our sister circuits that have adopted the predicate‑act
doctrine. The doctrine strikes an appropriate balance between competing
concerns, protecting aggrieved plaintiffs from savvy defendants while also
safeguarding a defendant’s freedom from stale claims. Absent the predicate‑act
doctrine, a defendant could convert a plaintiff’s intellectual property in the
United States, wait for the Copyright Act’s three‑year statute of limitations
to expire, and then reproduce the property abroad with impunity. Such a result
would jeopardize intellectual property rights and subvert Congress’s goals as
engrafted on to the Copyright Act. But lest the doctrine lead to a windfall for
plaintiffs and force a defendant to face liability for stale claims, plaintiffs
may collect only those damages ‘suffered during the statutory period for
bringing claims, regardless of where they may have been incurred,’ L.A. News,
149 F.3d at 992.”</div>
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“Applying the predicate‑act doctrine to this case, we
conclude that Alpha has presented a valid claim under the Copyright Act.
Accordingly, we sustain the jury’s finding of liability on that count.”</div>
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“Distilling applicable case law, we find that a plaintiff is
required to show a domestic violation of the Copyright Act and damages flowing
from foreign exploitation of that infringing act to successfully invoke the
predicate‑act doctrine. Alpha has shown both. Appellants concede on appeal that
Alpha has established a domestic violation of the Copyright Act. While in the
United States, Vance and Al Dobowi unlawfully converted Alpha’s blueprints and
reproduced them absent authorization. These acts constitute infringing conduct
under the Copyright Act. See Update Art, 843 F.2d at 73 (concluding there would
be an actionable violation if defendant illegally reproduced image while in the
United States). And Alpha has demonstrated damages flowing from extraterritorial
exploitation of this infringing conduct. Al Dobowi and Linglong used the
converted blueprints to produce mining tires almost identical to those of
Alpha. They then sold these tires to former customers of Alpha, causing Alpha
substantial damage. See Sheldon, 106 F.2d at 52 (finding damages flowing from
foreign exploitation of infringing act where defendant converted negatives of
motion picture in United States and exhibited the film abroad).”</div>
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“Effectively granting the validity of the above analysis,
Appellants contend that the predicate‑act doctrine may not be employed when
recovery of damages from a domestic violation of the Copyright Act is barred by
the three‑year statute of limitations. Because the statute of limitations bars
Alpha from collecting damages for activities within the United States,
Appellants assert that the jury’s Copyright Act verdict may not stand.”</div>
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“We are not persuaded by Appellants’ creative interpretation
of applicable case law. It may be true that, in each of the cases in which a court
has invoked the predicate‑act doctrine, the plaintiff would have been eligible
to receive a damages award based solely on a domestic infringement. But courts
ascribed no relevance to this observation, never discussing the statute of
limitations and its effect on the predicate‑act doctrine. Quite the opposite,
at least the Ninth Circuit anticipated that a plaintiff may collect damages
from extraterritorial conduct, even if the statute of limitations bars an award
based on domestic infringement. L.A. News, 149 F.3d at 992 (‘Defendants’
argument that adoption of the Second Circuit rule would permit plaintiffs to
circumvent the statute of limitation by recovering damages for distribution
abroad occurring many years after the infringing act in the United States is
without merit. An action must be ‘commenced within three years after the claim
accrued.’ . . . A plaintiff’s right to damages is limited to those suffered
during the statutory period for bringing claims, regardless of where they may
have been incurred.’ (emphasis added)). That Alpha may not collect damages from
Appellants’ domestic activities is thus of no moment to the analysis, as the
district court accurately instructed the jury.” [Slip op. 19‑24]</div>
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<b>Citation</b>: Tire Engineering and Distribution, LLC v.
Shandong Linglong Rubber Company, Ltd., No. 10‑2271 (4th Cir. 2012).</div>
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**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-24430067636114220072018-07-14T15:06:00.003-07:002018-07-15T16:06:00.313-07:00In a longstanding civil action involving competing claims to the right to use the term “Budweiser” as between the larger U.S. Company and the Czech Company who both manufacture and market beers in many nations, after a reference to the European Court of Justice, the English Court of Appeal (Civil Division) addresses whether English or European Union law enables the proprietor of its earlier mark to prevail in England even where there has been a long period of honest concurrent use in the English market of two identical trade marks for substantially identical goods<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>In a longstanding civil action involving competing claims
to the right to use the term “Budweiser” as between the larger U.S. Company and
the Czech Company who both manufacture and market beers in many nations, after
a reference to the European Court of Justice, the English Court of Appeal
(Civil Division) addresses whether English or European Union law enables the
proprietor of its earlier mark to prevail in England even where there has been
a long period of honest concurrent use in the English market of two identical
trade marks for substantially identical goods</b></div>
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[Sir Robin Jacob: (giving the first judgment at the
invitation of Ward L.J.)]</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
1. “By our judgment of 20th October 2009, [2009] EWCA Civ
1022, we decided to refer to the Court of Justice of the European Union (the
CJEU) some questions of trade mark law: the answers would be necessary to
resolve this appeal. It is from the decision of Norris J of 19th February 2008
dismissing BB’s (as I shall call the appellants) appeal from the decision of
2nd August 2007 of the Hearing Officer, Mr Foley, in the Trade Mark Registry.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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2. “The general facts and background to the appeal are
already set out in our first judgment <span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>. In the first judgment we
resolved certain English law defences (abuse of process, estoppel) against BB.
No more need be said about them.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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3. “BB also raised a defence of acquiescence under Art. 9(1)
of the Directive. This raised two questions of law for the CJEU. BB accepts
that the response from the CJEU rules out any defence of acquiescence. So no
more need be said about that.” </div>
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<br /></div>
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4. But we had a third question. It was this: In Council
Directive 89/104/EEC: 3. Does Art 4(1)(a) apply so as to enable the proprietor
of an earlier mark to prevail even where there has been a long period of honest
concurrent use of two identical trade marks for identical goods so that the
guarantee of origin of the earlier mark does not mean the mark signifies the
goods of the proprietor of the earlier and none other but instead signifies his
goods or the goods of the other user?”</div>
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<br /></div>
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5. “The CJEU ruled that Article 4(1)(a) of Directive 89/104
must be interpreted as meaning that the proprietor of an earlier trade mark
cannot obtain the cancellation of an identical later trade mark designating
identical goods where there has been a long period of honest concurrent use of
those two trade marks where, in circumstances such as those in the main
proceedings, that use neither has nor is liable to have an adverse effect on
the essential function of the trade mark which is to guarantee to consumers the
origin of the goods or services.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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6. “Mr Mellor QC submits that answer to the case is now
clear. It is that where a long‑standing situation of honest concurrent user of
the same mark for the same goods has come about, each user can register its
mark, each can stop third parties from using it, but that neither can stop the
other. The state of honest concurrent use means that the essential function of
the parties’ trade marks is not regarded as having adverse effect. True it is
that there will always be some confusion, but that does not matter. It is also
true that cases of honest concurrent use are rare, but this is such a case.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
7. “Mr Bloch QC for AB submits: (a) The honest concurrent
use point is not open for BB to take on appeal; (b) If it can be taken, then on
the basis of findings of fact in the earlier litigation between the parties, he
can demonstrate an ‘adverse effect’; (c) If that be not so, then it would be
unfair and unjust to resolve the appeal against AB because AB never had an
opportunity of proving an adverse effect. Instead we should remit the case back
to the Trade Marks Registry so that the issue of ‘adverse effect can be
properly investigated by way of further evidence.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Is it open for BB to take the point on appeal?</div>
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<br /></div>
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8. “I see nothing unfair about allowing the point to be
taken on appeal to this court. It is simply a point of law which is taken on
the basis of the evidence before the Hearing Officer. There is generally no
unfairness in the Court of Appeal considering whether on the facts a case has
been made out as a matter of law, even if the point is raised for the first
time in that court. Things are of course different if the point also involves
questions of fact which require further evidence.” </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“It is perhaps worth observing that the great ‘honest
concurrent use’ case, GE itself, involved two fresh points of law on appeal.
The first instance case was concerned with issues about alleged improper
licensing and ‘muddying the mark’, the Court of Appeal was concerned with
whether the GE and GEC marks were confusingly similar and whether s.11 of the
1938 [Act] therefore invalidated GE’s mark and the House of Lords was concerned
with the meaning of ‘disentitled to protection in a court of justice’ within
s.11. Lord Diplock was moved to describe the case as having a ‘chameleon‑like
history’ [1973] RPC 297 at p.318</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
9. “In considering whether it is unfair it is also pertinent
to note that BB raised the point fairly and squarely in its Notice of Appeal.
There is no question of AB being taken by surprise. Moreover, the fact that we
referred a question about the point over AB’s objection shows that we have
already allowed the point to be taken.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
10. “Accordingly, I think there is nothing unfair about
allowing BB to run the point now. It is merely saying that in law, on the
existing evidence, AB has failed to make out its case. The fact that AB did not
put in evidence on essential function is due solely to its mistaken view of the
law. I deal with the possibility of further fact finding later.(b)</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Is there harm to the essential function made out on the
existing evidence?</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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11. Mr Bloch submitted that the earlier cases between the
parties established a non de minimis level of confusion. He then submitted that
the old English rule permitting honest concurrent use was wider than the EU
rule. The latter only permitted it where the level of confusion was de minimis.
If there was a level of confusion above that, then the essential function of
the mark relied on would be impaired and a case of permissible honest
concurrent use would not be made out. So here BB was outside the scope of the
Court’s ruling.” </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
12. “It is therefore necessary to consider what the findings
of confusion in the earlier cases were and whether the Court’s answer was
confined to de minimis levels of confusion only.” </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The level of confusion</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
13. “In my judgment giving rise to the reference (with which
the other members of the court agreed),I said: ‘[3] But although the names are
the same, the beers are not. Their tastes, prices and get‑ups have always been
different. In markets where they have co‑existed, consumers have by and large
become aware of the difference, though of course there will always be some
small level of confusion. And the question asked (I repeat the key bit) was on
the basis that there had been: a long period of honest concurrent use of two
identical trade marks for identical goods so that the guarantee of origin of
the earlier mark does not mean the mark signifies the goods of the proprietor
of the earlier and none other but instead signifies his goods or the goods of
the other user.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
14. “Mr. Bloch submitted that it was wrong for us to hold
that ‘consumers have by and large become aware of the difference, though of
course there will always be some small level of confusion’. On the contrary, he
said, the earlier cases show significant levels of confusion.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
15. “To substantiate this he took us to the following
passages in the earlier judgments. Firstly Oliver LJ (in the passing off case
reversing Whitford J on the facts) said at [1984] FSR p. 461: ‘In fact there
was ample and unchallenged evidence of confusion. It should be mentioned that
apart from the name, there is no similarity of get‑up, so that no one would
pick up the Czech beer mistaking it for the American by reason of its
appearance. But there was ample evidence of cases in which orders had been
placed for Budweiser by people expecting the Plaintiffs’ beer and in which they
had been served instead with the Defendants [beer]. And there was ample
evidence that in the minds of several people the impression was created that
the two were in some way connected. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Next Dillon LJ said at p.477: ‘The learned judges’
conclusion that at the date of issue of the writ there was a dual reputation in
the name Budweiser which neither party could claim had been improperly achieved
is correct. It is the inevitable consequence of this that there will be some
degree of confusion among some members of the public and some traders, as there
has in fact been.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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16. “Similarly in the second Court of Appeal case Peter
Gibson LJ said at [2000] RPC p.916: AB’s action [i.e. the earlier passing off
action] failed because at the date of inception of the conduct complained of,
in 1973/4, AB, whilst possessing the reputation in the name Budweiser and
whilst proving confusion and the risk of deception could not establish that it
possessed goodwill in this country. Judge LJ (as he then was) said, in a
typically common sense way, at p. 920: ‘Further it seems to me likely that
there is some continuing confusion between the two products, at any rate in the
cases of those individuals who do not appreciate that there are differences
between American Budweiser and Czech Budweiser.’”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
17. “I do not accept that these findings are inconsistent
with what I said in my first judgment. I did not hold that the level of
confusion was de minimis. I said it was small, not that it was negligible. The
level of confusion in the earlier cases was clearly not negligible: otherwise
the claims in passing off would have failed for that reason alone, not because
there was [a] defence of honest concurrent use or failure to prove goodwill.
What I said is entirely consistent with the findings relied upon by Mr Bloch.” </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“Common sense prevails here. These two brands have lived
side by side for many, many years in different get‑ups, prices and taste and
with large sales: the sales of AB’s beer are much greater than BB’s but the
latter are substantial. You do not have to be a genius to infer from those very
facts alone that the public by and large will have got used to that. Or that
there will always be some who are confused, albeit that many are not.” </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Was the Court’s ruling confined to de minimis levels of
confusion?</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
18. “Mr. Bloch took us to some passages in the Judgment: 75.
‘In the present case, it is to be noted that the use by Budvar of the Budweiser
trade mark in the United Kingdom neither has, nor is liable to have, an adverse
effect on the essential function of the Budweiser trade mark owned by Anheuser‑Busch.
76. In that regard, it should be stressed that the circumstances which gave
rise to the dispute in the main proceedings are exceptional.’ 77. ‘First, the
referring court states that Anheuser‑Busch and Budvar have each been marketing
their beers in the United Kingdom under the word sign ‘Budweiser’ or under a
trade mark including that sign for almost 30 years prior to the registration of
the marks concerned. 78. Second, Anheuser‑Busch and Budvar were authorised to
register jointly and concurrently their Budweiser trade marks following a
judgment delivered by the Court of Appeal (England & Wales) (Civil
Division) in February 2000.79. Third, the order for reference also states that,
while Anheuser‑Busch submitted an application for registration of the word
‘Budweiser’ as a trade mark in the United Kingdom earlier than Budvar, both of
those companies have from the beginning used their Budweiser trade marks in
good faith. 80. Fourth, as was stated in paragraph 10 of this judgment, the
referring court found that, although the names are identical, United Kingdom
consumers are well aware of the difference between the beers of Budvar and
those of Anheuser‑Busch, since their tastes, prices and get‑ups have always
been different.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Fifth, it follows from the coexistence of those two trade
marks on the United Kingdom market that, even though the trade marks were
identical, the beers of Anheuser‑Busch and Budvar were clearly identifiable as
being produced by different companies.’”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
19. “He submitted (correctly) that the circumstances of the
dispute are exceptional. But then he suggested that the five factors referred
to by the Court, and in particular that ‘consumers are well aware of the
difference between the beers’ and that ‘the beers [of the parties] were clearly
identifiable as being produced by different companies’ circumscribed the ruling
so much that it was limited to cases of de minimis confusion.” </div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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20. “I do not accept that. The Court could have said just
that but did not. The rather self‑evident point as to the effect of a long
period of honest concurrent use was clearly laid before the Court when I
summarised Mr Mellor’s submission: Mr Mellor suggests that the Court might
recognise a further exception in the case of long established honest concurrent
use. For in such a case the guarantee of origin of the mark is not impaired by
the use of the mark by each party. Once such concurrent use is established the
mark does not solely indicate the goods of just one of the users. It means one
or the other. Hence there is no impairment of the guarantee and, if impairment
is the touchstone of Art 4(1), no infraction of it.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
21. “The Court did not rule that only de minimis levels of
confusion are acceptable when there is honest concurrent use. Nor did the Court
rule that the inevitable confusion in a same mark/same goods case is enough to
take a case out of acceptable concurrent use. Yet that is what Mr Bloch’s
submissions involve.” </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
22. “More fundamentally, Mr Bloch’s submissions involve the
unstated premise that even where there is long established honest concurrent
use the mark of one party must provide a guarantee of origin in that party and
not the other. That is quite unrealistic. Here for instance, Budweiser has
never denoted AB’s beer alone.” </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
23. “So I do not think that there is any impairment of the
guarantee of origin—of either side’s mark. The guarantee is different given a
situation of long established honest concurrent use.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Would it be unfair to resolve the appeal without remittal
for further fact finding?</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
24. “It is here necessary to chart the course of proceedings
below. I concentrate only on the essential elements. AB’s Statement of Grounds
in the Registry claimed that its registration of Budweiser under No. 1,125,449
was of an ‘earlier trade mark’. It then referred to BB’s impugned registration
of Budweiser and alleged it post‑dated its own registration. All that was
correct.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
25. “It then went on to allege that this was a ‘same mark,
same goods’ case and so BB”s registration was invalid under s.5(1) of the Trade
Marks Act 1994 (corresponding to Art. 4(1)(a)).”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
26. “The pleading did not stop there. It went on to allege
that AB had used Budweiser since 1974 and relied on the ‘previous findings in
respect of such use’ referring expressly to the decision of Whitford J in the
passing off case [1984] FSR 413. It claimed ‘continued use and substantial
accrued reputation’ in Budweiser ‘from 1974 on a continuous basis to date.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
27. “The pleading did not allege any ‘adverse effect’ on the
essential function of the trade mark. It is unclear why, given that it was a
same mark, same goods’ case any use was relied upon, but it was.”</div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
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28. “BB responded by raising acquiescence and other points
which no longer matter. It expressly referred to the earlier passing off and
trade mark registration Court of Appeal decisions, [1984] FSR 413 and [2000]
RPC 906. Both of these decisions confirm the state of honest concurrent use
between the parties.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
29. “AB filed evidence. It was simply of its extensive use
of Budweiser since 1974, giving the sales figures. AB did not allege any
adverse effect on its trade mark or of confusion.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
30. “BB responded with evidence of its sales figures,
claiming use from 1973 though the detail of the earlier years is not specified
(most of the figures are there in the reports of the earlier cases). There was
a hearing, at which BB did not expressly say: ‘but it has not been proved or
pleaded that there was an adverse effect on AB’s mark’. And AB did not
expressly contend the opposite.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
31. “The hearing officer in his decision reluctantly decided
in AB’s favour. He held that this was a case of same mark same goods and that
alone was enough to satisfy Art. 4(1) (s.5(1) of the UK Act). But he said this:
[61]<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼<span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span></span>
‘Such as it is, the evidence indicates (although it does not substantiate) that
the two marks have co‑existed for some considerable time with no apparent
confusion, a fact that on its face could have provide[d] a compelling reason to
allow what exists in the market to remain undisturbed. It may well be that
having traded side by side for so long the consumer is now fully aware of the
two competing brands, but equally could mean that confusion is there but this
had not surfaced; there is no evidence one way or another.’</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
[62] ‘The question of confusion or no confusion is, however,
academic, for under Section 5(1) there is no requirement for there to be a
finding of confusion. If the marks and goods are found to be identical, the
potential for confusion is simply assumed. No amount of evidence of non‑confusion,
if there is such a thing, nor the absence of any confusion, can change the
conclusion. The position is that even though the parties appear to have traded
alongside one another without there being any harm, because the marks and goods
are identical, concurrent use is not a factor that I can properly take into
account; refusal is mandatory.’</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“I have certain unease at the position in which I find
myself. The court of appeal issued a decision that on the facts, allowed the
status quo in the reality of the market. In concentrating on the legal issues
the parties have left me in the position of having to determine these
proceedings on the thinnest of evidence.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
32. “We know now from the Court’s answer that the hearing
officer was wrong to conclude that ‘concurrent use is not a factor I can
properly take into account’. If the concurrent use is honest (as is accepted to
be the case here) and there is no adverse affect on the essential function of
the trade mark, the case is not within Art.4(1).” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</div>
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33. “It is just worth stepping back and examining what has
happened in the jurisprudence of the Court. Those who framed the same mark/same
goods rule were rather naive. To say that confusion is necessarily so in such a
case, is wrong. The apparently black and white rigid application of the rule
which the hearing officer thought was compelled, has been tempered to produce
rational answers. The Court has steadily been recognising this in a series of
cases, O2 v. Hutchison case C‑533/06, [2008] ECR I‑4231 (comparative
advertising conforming with the Comparative Advertising Directive); Holterhoff
[2002] ECR I‑4187 (purely descriptive use); BMW v Deenik [1999] ECR I‑905
(honestly stating that a garage repaired BMWs); Adam Opel v. Autec case C‑48/05
[2007] ETMR 5 (use of mark on a toy car not infringing if no effect on
essential function even though mark was registered for toys), Celine v. Celine
case C‑17–06 [2007] ECR I‑7041 (use as a business name for a clothes shop not
affecting essential function of mark registered for clothing). The ruling here
is another example of tempering the apparently inflexible same mark/same goods
rule to produce a rational answer.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
34. “Turning back to the present case, it is now apparent
that AB approached it on a wrong legal basis. It was quite clear, following
BB’s explicit reference to the Court of Appeal cases in its pleading, that
honest concurrent use was somehow in play though it is fair to say that exactly
how was obscure at best. AB could have put in a reply pleading saying ‘ah but
the use affects the essential function of our mark’ and so is no defence, or it
could have left it at that. It did the latter. Perhaps it had in mind to
advance something more, something in the nature of an adverse affect, for it is
difficult to see why it put its extensive sales in evidence. Mr. Bloch said he
personally had no idea why the figures were put in—but there must have been
some reason. But what is clear is that no case of affecting the essential
function of the mark was pleaded or proved.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
35. “Mr Bloch submits that my approach is not fair. He
asserted (but provided no material to support his assertion) that, at the time
the pleading was filed (2005), the practice for a case under s.5(1) was merely
to assert same mark/same goods. By implication he was suggesting that it was
for BB to raise a defence of honest concurrent use which did not affect the
essential function of the mark. I do not agree. The alleged practice was not
established. The fact of honest concurrent use under the old law was clearly
raised on the pleadings by BB’s references to the two Court of Appeal cases. ”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“The legal consequence was not spelt out. It was quite open
to AB to reply by alleging that the essential function of its mark was
adversely affected. It did not do so. Probably it was acting under a mistake of
law (the same mistake as was made by the hearing officer, namely that proof of
same mark/same goods was enough). I am not entirely convinced of that, however,
because there must have been some purpose in putting the sales figures in—I can
only surmise that it was a desultory attempt at something intended to show
harm. It does not matter, however. The fact was that the onus lay on AB to
plead and prove what was necessary to make out a case under s.5(1) and it
failed to do so.” </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
36. “One can find confirmation of this if one considers what
would be necessary if the case were, as Mr Bloch suggested, remitted to the
Registry. AB would have to amend its pleadings to allege for the first time
(and particularise) damage to the essential function of its trade mark. It
would then have to adduce evidence in support of its case. It would be a new
trial, caused by the fact that AB failed to put its case at the first trial.
Justice does not require this—indeed it would be unjust to allow AB to assail
BB yet again.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
37. “I therefore reject all Mr Bloch’s points and conclude
that the appeal should be allowed.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Mr. Justice Warren:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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38. “I agree with the conclusion of Jacob LJ. However, I see
rather more force in Mr Bloch’s complaints about unfairness than he does. I
would therefore like to say a little more about it.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
39. “I agree with Jacob LJ that the onus was on AB to plead
and prove what was necessary but when it was necessary to do so is a matter to
which I will come. I also agree that honest concurrent use was in the frame
from the beginning but exactly how was, as he says, obscure at best. Had BB
made its point clearly, AB would have realised that it might need to amend its
pleadings and to adduce further evidence. But the point was not clearly raised
at the beginning. Further, even as the case proceeded, there was still no
explicit reference to the point by BB. It did not surface before Norris J. It
only surfaced in the Grounds of Appeal to this court.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
40. “BB needs our permission to raise the point before us.
If there were evidence which enabled AB to establish adverse effect, I do not
think that it would be right to allow BB to take the point without affording AB
the opportunity to establish adverse effect on the facts. Jacob LJ take a
different view which he tests by considering what would happen if we remitted
the matter to the Registry.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
41. “He says that AB would have to amend its pleadings and
to allege for the first time damage to the essential functions of its trade
mark. That is true. But in purely pleading terms, one might have expected BB’s
response in the Registry to have asserted that it had a defence based on honest
concurrent use to which AB would have responded by way, in effect, of reply,
that there was adverse effect. After all, the literal meaning of the words of
section 5(1) are absolute. It is only judicial interpretation, both in the
Court and in our domestic courts, which has put a gloss on the words of the EU
and domestic legislation in order to make the provisions workable in a sensible
commercial way. Even if Jacob LJ is right to say that the new trial would be
caused by the fact that AB failed to put its case at the first trial, I do not,
for my part, consider that the circumstances are such that it would be unjust
to allow AB to amend and to adduce further evidence.” </div>
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<br /></div>
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42. “But before that can happen, I would need to be
persuaded that at least, in theory, there could be evidence of some sort to
support a claim of adverse effect. In that context, evidence of confusion
would, in my judgment, be insufficient. However much evidence of confusion is
adduced, I do not see how that could, in the light of the earlier cases, be
sufficient to establish any impairment of the guarantee of origin given the
unstated premise in Mr Bloch’s submissions identified by Jacob LJ in paragraph
22 of his judgment.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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43. “In any case, AB has known since the service of the
Grounds of Appeal that honest concurrent use was being relied on by BB in the
context of section 5(1) ; it has known since the decision of the Court on 22
September 2011 that it might need to show adverse effect affirmatively. And yet
it has not, notwithstanding this passage of time, given this court any hint
about how such adverse effect might be established or the nature of the
evidence which might be adduced to establish such adverse effect. I do not
consider that we should remit the matter to the Registry without at least
knowing in outline the nature of the evidence which AB would want to adduce. It
is now too late for us to be told.” </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Lord Justice Ward:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
44. “I agree the appeal should be allowed.”</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Citation</b>: Budejovicky Budvar Narodni Podnik (BB) v.
Anheuser‑Busch, Inc.(AB), [2012] EWCA Civ. 880; 2012 WL 2499981 (U.K.Ct. App.
(Civ.Div.) July 3, 2012).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-28783998081463881202018-07-14T15:06:00.001-07:002018-07-15T16:05:33.460-07:00French Supreme Court rules on intermediary liability for copyright infringement.<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b>French Supreme Court rules on intermediary liability for
copyright infringement</b>. The French Supreme Court (Cour de Cassation) has
issued four opinions about the role of online service providers in guarding
against online copyright infringements. The case of SNEP vs. Google France may
lead Google to censor its “auto‑complete feature” (which automatically suggests
commonly‑used terms associated with the queries submitted by users). The French
phonographic industry lobby (SNEP) had sued Google for providing search
suggestions such as “Torrent”, “Megaupload” and “Rapidshare” when users typed
the names of artists or music groups into the Google search bar. Those
suggestions are associated with online copyright infringement. SNEP’s request
that Google stop suggesting such terms was rejected by both the Court of First
Instance and the Appellate Court. While such online services could be used to
infringe copyrights, they were not illegal in themselves. The French Supreme
Court reversed the lower rulings. The Court held that Google’s autocomplete
feature actually “provided the means to infringe copyright and related rights.”
SNEP’s request could in fact “prevent or terminate such infringements.” The
Court remanded to the lower court. Note that this ruling came six months after
Google decided to voluntarily remove “Rapidshare”, “uTorrent” and “MegaUpload”
from its Google Suggest service. | In three other separate but similar
opinions, the French Supreme Court upheld the rights of Internet users and
service providers against the claims of right holders. The Court’s decisions in
these cases end the “notice and staydown” injunctions in France, which were
becoming increasingly popular in courts. “Notice and staydown” injunctions
prevent internet users from publishing content that has already been notified
and taken down (thus “notice and staydown”, as opposed to the traditional
“notice and takedown”). In all three cases, the appeals court had ruled that
Google did not adopt adequate measures to prevent the re‑indexation of
infringing videos and images of which Google had been notified and which Google
had removed. The French Supreme Court did not find online service providers
under the obligation to prevent any future infringements. The three appellate
rulings violated EU and French law by imposing “a general obligation to
monitor” Google’s content. Google would have to implement a “blocking mechanism
with no limitation in time”, which would be “disproportionate to the pursued
aim.” While European Court of Justice (ECJ) recently rejected blocking measures
based on five cumulative criteria in the Netlog vs. SABAM case, the French
Supreme Court finds the “no limitation in time” criterion alone sufficient to
make the blocking measures disproportionate. <b>Citation</b>: French Supreme
Court decisions (so far published only in French), SNEP vs. Google France
(12.07.2012); Bac Films vs. Google France and Inc (1& 2) (12.07.2012); and
André Rau vs. Google & AuFeminin.com (12.07.2012)</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-53217727157984532202018-07-14T15:05:00.003-07:002018-07-15T16:05:09.876-07:00U.S. Supreme Court holds that the “first sale” doctrine applies to copies of a copyrighted work lawfully made abroad; reverses Second Circuit to the contrary and resolves split in the Circuits on this issue<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
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<b>U.S. Supreme Court holds that the “first sale” doctrine
applies to copies of a copyrighted work lawfully made abroad; reverses Second
Circuit to the contrary and resolves split in the Circuits on this issue</b></div>
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John Wiley & Sons (Plaintiff), a publisher of academic,
scientific, and educational journals and books, sells its publications
domestically and internationally. For sales in foreign countries, the Plaintiff
uses its subsidiary John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd. The written content
is generally similar in the books intended for domestic markets and in the
books intended for international markets, though the design and packaging may
differ. The Defendant Supap Kirtsaeng moved to the United States from Thailand
in 1997 to attend Cornell University. He later moved to California to pursue a
doctoral degree. </div>
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Between 2007 and 2008, Kirtsaeng’s friends and family
shipped the Defendant foreign editions of textbooks printed abroad by Wiley
Asia. Kirtsaeng then sold these books on eBay.com. He would repay his family
and friends for the cost of acquiring and shipping the books and keep the
profits for himself as he subsidized his education. On September 8, 2008, Wiley
filed suit against Kirtsaeng in the United States District Court of the
Southern District of New York claiming copyright infringement. Kirtsaeng
attempted to assert a defense of the first sale doctrine, but the district
court prohibited him from doing so and rejected the applicability of the
doctrine to foreign editions of textbooks not manufactured pursuant to U.S.
Copyright Act. Kirtsaeng was found liable for copyright infringement and then
appealed, claiming that the district court erred in holding that the first sale
doctrine was not an available defense. </div>
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The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit
affirmed the district court’s holding that the first sale doctrine does not
apply to foreign books or copies manufactured outside of the United States.
This was a matter of first impression for this Court. The Court interpreted the
first sale doctrine, which states that the owner of a lawfully acquired copy of
a work may sell or otherwise dispose of the copy without the authority of the
copyright owner. However, § 602(a) of the Copyright Act gives copyright holders
broad control over the circumstance in which their copyrighted work may be
imported into the United States. The Court cited a recent Supreme Court opinion
in Omega S.A. v. Costco Wholesale Corp., 541 F.3d 982 (9th Cir. 2008), that states
that the first sale doctrine does not apply to items manufactured outside of
the United States unless they were previously imported and sold in the United
States with the copyright holder’s permission.</div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Applying these
principles to the facts of this case, we conclude that the District Court
correctly decided that Kirtsaeng could not avail himself of the first sale
doctrine codified by § 109(a) since all the books in question were manufactured
outside of the United States. In sum, we hold that the phrase ‘lawfully made
under this Title’ in § 109(a) refers specifically and exclusively to copies
that are made in territories in which the Copyright Act is law, and not to
foreign‑manufactured works. . . . We freely acknowledge that this is a
particularly difficult question of statutory construction in light of the
ambiguous language of § 109(a), but our holding is supported by the structure
of Title 17 as well as the Supreme Court’s opinion in [Quality Kings
Distributors, Inc. v. L’anza Research Int’l, Inc., 523 U.S. 135 (1998)].” 654
F.3d 222.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></div>
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The U.S. Supreme Court reverses. Noting all the difficulties
for international trade that would result from such interpretation, as well as
the split among the Circuits, the U.S. Supreme Court concludes that the “first
sale” doctrine applies to copies of a copyrighted work lawfully made abroad.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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“<span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">¼</span></span>[W]e
ask whether the ‘first sale’ doctrine applies to protect a buyer or other
lawful owner of a copy (of a copyrighted work) lawfully manufactured abroad.
Can that buyer bring that copy into the United States (and sell it or give it
away) without obtaining permission to do so from the copyright owner? Can, for
example, someone who purchases, say at a used bookstore, a book printed abroad
subsequently resell it without the copyright owner’s permission?”</div>
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“In our view, the answers to these questions are, yes. We
hold that the ‘first sale’ doctrine applies to copies of a copyrighted work
lawfully made abroad.” [Slip op. 7]</div>
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“In our view, §109(a)’s language, its context, and the
common‑law history of the ‘first sale’ doctrine, taken together, favor a non‑geographical
interpretation. We also doubt that Congress would have intended to create the
practical copyright‑related harms with which a geographical interpretation
would threaten ordinary scholarly, artistic, commercial, and consumer
activities. See Part II‑D, infra. We consequently conclude that Kirtsaeng’s
nongeographical reading is the better reading of the Act.”</div>
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“The language of §109(a) read literally favors Kirtsaeng’s
nongeographical interpretation, namely, that ‘lawfully made under this title’
means made ‘in accordance with’ or ‘in compliance with’ the Copyright Act. The
language of §109(a) says nothing about geography. The word ‘under’ can mean
‘[i]n accordance with.’ 18 Oxford English Dictionary 950 (2d ed. 1989). See
also Black’s Law Dictionary 1525 (6th ed. 1990) (‘according to’). And a
nongeographical interpretation provides each word of the five‑word phrase with
a distinct purpose. The first two words of the phrase, ‘lawfully made,’ suggest
an effort to distinguish those copies that were made lawfully from those that
were not, and the last three words, ‘under this title,’ set forth the standard
of ‘lawful[ness].’ Thus, the nongeographical reading is simple, it promotes a
traditional copyright objective (combatting piracy), and it makes word‑by‑word
linguistic sense.”</div>
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“The geographical interpretation, however, bristles with
linguistic difficulties. It gives the word ‘lawfully’ little, if any,
linguistic work to do. (How could a book be unlawfully ‘made under this
title’?) It imports geography into a statutory provision that says nothing
explicitly about it. And it is far more complex than may at first appear.”
[Slip op. 12‑13]</div>
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The Supreme Court points to the difficulties for libraries,
used‑book dealers, technology companies, consumer‑goods retailers and museums
whose activities would otherwise be hampered. How would U.S. libraries obtain
permission to circulate their estimated 200 million foreign‑printed books? How
could cars, microwaves, and mobile phones that contain copyrightable software
be imported to the U.S.? The practical problems in obtaining copyright
permission for these innumerable transactions are overwhelming.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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The U.S. Supreme Court therefore reverses the Second Circuit
and remands for further proceedings.</div>
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The Dissenters find that such interpretation contravenes
Congress’ intent to protect copyright.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
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“’In the interpretation of statutes, the function of the
courts is easily stated. It is to construe the language so as to give effect to
the intent of Congress.’ United States v. American Trucking Assns., Inc., 310
U.S. 534, 542 (1940). Instead of adhering to the Legislature’s design, the
Court today adopts an interpretation of the Copyright Act at odds with
Congress’ aim to protect copyright owners against the unauthorized importation
of low‑priced, foreign‑made copies of their copyrighted works. The Court’s bold
departure from Congress’ design is all the more stunning, for it places the
United States at the vanguard of the movement for ‘international exhaustion’ of
copyrights—a movement the United States has steadfastly resisted on the world
stage.” [Slip op. 42]</div>
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“Rather than adopting the very international‑exhaustion rule
the United States has consistently resisted in international‑trade
negotiations, I would adhere to the national‑exhaustion framework set by the
Copyright Act’s text and history. Under that regime, codified in §602(a)(1),
Kirtsaeng’s unauthorized importation of the foreign‑made textbooks involved in
this case infringed Wiley’s copyrights. I would therefore affirm the Second
Circuit’s judgment.” [Slip op. 74]</div>
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<b>Citation</b>: Kirtsaeng, DBA Bluechristine99 v. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., No. 11‑697 (U.S. March 19, 2013), reversing John Wiley
& Sons Inc. v. Kirtsaeng, 654 F.3d 210 (2d Cir. 2011).</div>
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**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-72981608413922144252018-07-14T15:05:00.001-07:002018-07-15T16:04:44.895-07:00Ninth Circuit decides that U.S. plaintiff may not recover damages for copyright infringement outside U.S., and that exception to general rule against extraterritorial application of Copyright Act when completed domestic infringement enables infringements abroad is inapplicable<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
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<b>Ninth
Circuit decides that U.S. plaintiff may not recover damages for copyright
infringement outside U.S., and that exception to general rule against
extraterritorial application of Copyright Act when completed domestic
infringement enables infringements abroad is inapplicable</b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
The
copyrighted works at issue in the following case are the controversial video
recordings of “The Beating of Reginald Denny” and “Beating of Man in White
Panel Truck” that were recorded at Florence Avenue and Normandie Boulevard in
Los Angeles during the 1992 riots. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Los
Angeles News Service (LANS) had produced the recordings and sold a license to
rebroadcast them to several other companies, including the National
Broadcasting Company (NBC) which used the recordings for its Today Show. NBC,
in turn, forwarded the Today Show broadcast to Visnews International (USA),
Ltd., pursuant to a news supply agreement, resulting in further distribution.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
LANS
then sued several Reuters companies (jointly “Reuters”) and Visnews for
copyright infringement and other claims. The U.S. district court found that no
liability arose under the Copyright Act for infringements that allegedly took
place outside the U.S. Accordingly, it granted Reuters and Visnews a partial
summary judgment on the issue of extraterritorial infringement.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The
act of copying the works within the U.S. for further distribution, however, was
a domestic act of infringement that could not be excused as fair use. For this,
the district court awarded LANS statutory damages of $60,000. LANS appealed,
arguing that it should have been allowed to recover its actual damages. The
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirms. </div>
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<br /></div>
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“This
Court had previously reviewed the district court’s </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
interpretation
of the Copyright Act with regard to extraterritorial acts in L.A. News Serv. v.
Reuters TV Int’l, Ltd. (Reuters III), 149 F.3d 987, 992 (9th Cir. 1998). The
Court had held that, while the Copyright Act does not apply extraterritorially,
an exception may apply where an infringer’s activity is completed entirely
within the U.S. but where domestic infringement enabled further exploitation
abroad. Here, LANS was allegedly entitled to damages resulting from the
exploitation abroad of defendants’ local infringement.”</div>
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“On
the whole, we conclude that Reuters III adhered very closely to our decision in
Subafilms, Ltd. v. MGM-Pathe Communs. Co., 24 F.3d 1088 (9th Cir. 1994) (en banc).
Subafilms reaffirmed that the copyright laws have no application beyond the
U.S. border, id. at 1095-98, and expressly took no position on the merits of
the Update Art [Update Art, Inc. v. Modiin Publ’g, Ltd., 843 F.2d 67 (2d Cir.
1988)] court’s apparent willingness to award damages ... LANS’s appeal thus
presents the precise question that Subafilms reserved ... and as the prior
panel recognized, such question should be resolved in light of the principles
the en banc court laid down.”</div>
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<br /></div>
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“The
import of such principles counsel a narrow application of the adoption in
Reuters III of the exception to the general rule. In particular, the ...
constructive trust rationale [of Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp., 106
F.2d 45 (2d Cir. 1939), aff’d, 309 U.S. 390 (1940)] includes a territorial
connection ... that preserves consistency with Congress’s decision to keep the
copyright laws – presumably including Section 504, which prescribes remedies –
territorially confined.” </div>
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<br /></div>
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“Moreover,
no rational deterrent function is served by making an infringer whose domestic
act of infringement – from which he earns no profit – leads to widespread
extraterritorial infringement, liable for the copyright owner’s entire loss of
value or profit from that overseas infringement, particularly if the overseas
infringement is legal where it takes place. ... Moreover, the resulting
over-deterrence might chill the fair use of the copyrighted works in close
cases.” [Slip Op. 15-16]</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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As a
result, the Court reads Reuters III to allow only a narrow exception for the
recovery of the infringer’s profits to Subafilms’ general rule against
extraterritorial application. Under the circumstances of this case, the
Copyright Act does not permit LANS to recover actual damages that resulted from
Reuters’ and Visnews’ foreign infringements.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Citation:
</b>Los Angeles News Service v. Reuters Television Int’l Ltd., 340 F.3d 926
(9th Cir. 2003).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-83417413239664397902018-07-14T15:04:00.003-07:002018-07-15T16:04:20.785-07:00In case of first impression, New York district court holds that federal courts should now consider Hong Kong as part of "foreign state," i.e., China and therefore its citizens may invoke alienage jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. Section 1332(a)(2)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In case of first
impression, New York district court holds that federal courts should now
consider Hong Kong as part of "foreign state," i.e., China and
therefore its citizens may invoke alienage jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. Section
1332(a)(2)</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In Matimak Trading Co. v. Khalily, 118 F.3d 76 (2d Cir. 1997),
cert. denied, 522 U.S. 1091 (1998), the Second Circuit held that Hong Kong,
while a British dependent territory, was not itself a "foreign state"
for purposes of 28 U.S.C. Section 1332(a)(2) [U.S. District Courts have
original jurisdiction over civil actions between "citizens of a State and
citizens or subjects of a foreign state."]</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The plaintiff in this case, Favour Mind Ltd., is a Hong Kong
corporation. The defendant, Robert Czwartacky, is a citizen of South Carolina
who operates two New York corporations. Czwartacky allegedly breached a sales
agreement between the parties. Favour Mind brought suit, basing jurisdiction on
28 U.S.C. Section 1332(a)(2) and alleging that it had shipped garments to
Czwartacky's companies on several occasions but never received any payments.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Czwartacky moved to dismiss pursuant to Matimak because Favour
Mind, as a Hong Kong corporation, is not a "citizen or subject of a
foreign state" under Section 1332(a)(2) and therefore cannot maintain an
action in federal court. The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of
New York denies the motion.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The court expressly limits the holding in Matimak to the period
during which Hong Kong was a British territory. The Second Circuit had
"expressed no view" as to the status of Hong Kong corporations
"following Great Britain's transfer of sovereignty" to the People's
Republic of China on July 1, 1997.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The Second Circuit had established the doctrine of "de
facto" recognition of foreign states for purposes of Section 1332(a)(2) in
Murarka v. Bachrack Bros., Inc., 215 F.2d 547 (2d Cir. 1954). In that case, the
Court recognized India as a "foreign state" prior to the U.S.' formal
recognition of India because the U.S. had already taken significant steps
towards such recognition. In Matimak, the Court refused to recognize Hong Kong
as ration may assert alienage jurisdiction in federal court after Hong Kong's
reversion to China.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In this case, both the U.S. Department of State and the Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region (SAR) filed amicus curiae briefs arguing that
Favour Mind is a citizen of the "foreign state" of China. Also, the
Basic Law" of Hong Kong established a regime of "one country/two
systems." This allows Hong Kong to retain its separate commercial and
legal institutions though becoming part of China. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Most importantly, a diplomatic note from the Chinese Government
declared that: "Hong Kong is an inalienable part of the People's Republic
of China. The Hong Kong SAR is a local administrative region of the People's
Republic of China, which shall enjoy a high degree of autonomy. Companies
established in the Hong Kong SAR in accordance with its laws and decrees
therefore enjoy the nationality of the People's Republic of China."
[9/9/99 Diplomatic Note from Embassy of People's Republic of China to
Department of State, No. CE 118/99.]</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Finally, the district court notes that the principles underlying
alienage jurisdiction support the finding that Hong Kong is part of a
"foreign state." China considers the treatment of its citizens,
including Hong Kong companies, a very important matter. To deny that Hong Kong
corporations are citizens of China would frustrate the interests of every
concerned government – the U.S., China and the Hong Kong SAR. It would also
antagonize recognized foreign powers -- the harm that alienage jurisdiction was
mainly designed to prevent.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Citation:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";"> Favour Mind Ltd. v. Pacific Shores,
Inc., 98 Civ. 7038 (SAS) (S.D.N.Y. December 7, 1999).</span></div>
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-21537150066106797812018-07-14T15:04:00.001-07:002018-07-15T16:03:49.512-07:00Citing jurisprudence of European Human Rights Court and international agreements, Inter-American Court of Human Rights finds that Guatemala has violated several articles of Inter-American Convention by failing to prosecute local police for murders of "street children" <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Citing jurisprudence of
European Human Rights Court and international agreements, Inter-American Court
of Human Rights finds that Guatemala has violated several articles of
Inter-American Convention by failing to prosecute local police for murders of
"street children" </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">On December 3, 1999, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights
published a decision that Guatemalan police had a part in the killing of four
youngsters and another young man, all of whom were living in the streets of
Guatemala City. Guatemala is one of 20 countries that recognize the
jurisdiction of this Court. The Court found that Guatemala had failed to
protect the victims' rights and to provide them justice under international
law. [Editors' Note: this is the first case before that Court involving the
rights of minors.]</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">On September 15, 1994, two Guatemalan human rights organizations,
the "Centro por la Justicia y el Derecho Internacional" (CEJIL) and
the "Casa Alianza" notified the Inter-American Commission on Human
Rights about the violations of human rights directed against young people
living in the streets of Guatemala ("ninos de la calle"). The
complaint alleged the governmental abduction, torture and murder of the above-mentioned
young people of whom three were minors. It also claimed that the government
failed adequately to look into these events, and to make civil remedies
available to the victims' families. [Editors' Note: As reported in the
Washington Post, see Citation below, an estimated 40 million children live in
the streets of Latin America. According to human rights activists, some
Governments occasionally condone or even promote killing sprees against street
people.]</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Residents had found the mutilated bodies of the four victims on
the outskirts of Guatemala City in 1990. Several witnesses had implicated two
Guatemalan police officers. The criminal investigation resulted in a
prosecution but the lower courts dismissed it for lack of convincing evidence.
The Criminal Branch of the Guatemalan Supreme Court of Justice (Camara Penal de
la Corte Suprema de Justicia de Guatemala) ultimately affirmed the dismissal on
procedural grounds and for lack of evidence.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The case finally came before the Inter-American Commission on
Human Rights for an investigation. On January 30, 1997, the Commission filed a
complaint with the Court under the Convention alleging that Guatemala had
violated several provisions. These included Article 1 (respect for rights),
Article 4 (right to life), Article 5 (right to personal integrity), Article 7
(right to personal liberty), Article 8 (judicial guarantees), Article 19
(childrens' rights), and Article 25 (judicial protection). </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The Human Rights Court holds that Guatemala had violated the
Convention. Six judges of the Court write an opinion that builds on the
jurisprudence of other international tribunals and agreements, including
interpretations of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights
and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950 [312 U.N.T.S. 221] (ECHR) plus the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights of 1966 [999 U.N.T.S. 171]
(ICCPR). In its opinion, the Court describes in detail the supporting
documentary evidence and testimony. For example, the mother of Henry Giovanni
Contreras, one of the victims, testified that Henry lived mostly in the streets
of Guatemala City. He was consuming drugs and alcohol, having been arrested
several times. His mother finally found out that police officers had taken him
away. Though his corpse later turned up, administrative obstacles stymied her
efforts to claim the body. Moreover, she received an anonymous threatening
letter.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Bruce Harris, the Regional Director of Casa Alianza, recounted the
hazards of investigating the murders. Even though the photographs of the dead
bodies showed clear signs of torture, the Guatemalan authorities did not take
serious action. Furthermore, one day someone riddled the Alianza's building
with bullets. Finally, three Alianza co-workers later had to flee Guatemala
under threats of harm. Harris testified that the organization had 392 pending
cases of offenses committed against street children. Although 50 or about 13%
were homicides, less than five percent of the total ever got into the local
courts. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Here, Guatemala did not directly contest either the allegations or
the evidence before the Human Rights court. Based on the evidence presented by
the witnesses, the Court finds that Guatemala has in fact violated Articles 4,
5, 7, 8, 19, and 25.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">As for Article 4 (right to life), the Court cites the U.N.
Committee on Human Rights (a creation of the ICCPR, above) as declaring that
the State must prevent and punish killings by government forces. The Court also
notes that the European Court of Human Rights has recognized a presumption that
the government must be accountable for the abuse that a person suffers while in
government custody. See ECHR Article 5 (Right to Liberty and Security)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In applying Article 7 on the right to liberty and personal safety,
the Court again refers to the jurisprudence of the European Human Rights Court.
That Court has emphasized that a government's failure to publish a person's
arrest completely ignores these rights.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Moreover, the Court finds Article 19 on the special rights of
children applicable here. It further notes that there is a very comprehensive
corpus juris for the international protection of children that exemplifies the
scope of this Article.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In addition, the Court applies the Inter-American Convention to
Prevent and Punish Torture of December 9, 1985 [25 I.L.M. 519 (1986)]. It
concludes that Guatemala has violated Articles 1 (governments must prevent and
punish torture), 6 (governments must establish effective measures against
torture), and 8 (investigations of torture are mandatory). Guatemala had not
addressed these issues in its final pleadings.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Two judges delivered a concurring opinion, noting that the right
to life can already be considered jus cogens. With this opinion, as well as another
one issued in 1999, the Court has held that courts must interpret an
international protective agreement according to the development of society.
This evolutionary interpretation has decisively advanced the cause of
international human rights. In the interpretation of human rights law, it is
very difficult to separate juridical considerations from moral considerations.
It is therefore within a system of higher values, the Concurring judges argue,
that we search for the meaning and destiny of each human being. It is now up to
Guatemala to investigate the murders and to punish those responsible for the
miscarriages of justice.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Citation:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";"> Corte Interamericana de Derechos
Humanos [Inter-American Court of Human Rights, Costa Rica], Caso Villagran
Morales y Otros, Sentencia de 19 de noviembre 1999. [The decision is available
in Spanish from the press department of the Court, E-mail:
infocidh@sol.racsa.co.cr. See also Washington Post (December 5, 1999), page
A-42.]</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-6992219519002094592018-07-14T15:03:00.006-07:002018-07-15T16:02:58.559-07:00English Court of Appeal rules that English court is not forum conveniens for libel suit against Dow Jones & Co. brought by U.S. residents where, inter alia, less than one percent of Barron Magazine's sales takes place in United Kingdom<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">English Court of Appeal
rules that English court is not forum conveniens for libel suit against Dow
Jones & Co. brought by U.S. residents where, inter alia, less than one
percent of Barron Magazine's sales takes place in United Kingdom</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Dow Jones & Co., a New York corporation, publishes a weekly
financial journal known as "Barrons Magazine." The vast majority of
its coverage and advertising relates to the U.S. Of the 294,346 issues sold,
about 4/10 of 1% of the sales take place in the United Kingdom.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Chadha & Osicom Technologies Inc. (COT) is an electronics
company doing business in California. Mr. Chadha has a U.S. domicile and
residence. He founded the U.S. corporation in 1981 and has been its CEO since
that time. The company had a British subsidiary called (since April 1997)
Osicom U.K., Ltd. Though it still exists in Cardiff, Mr. Chadha had arranged
for its sale and it no longer has any links with either of the U.S. plaintiffs.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">On August 25, 1997, Barrons published a defamatory article
alleging that COT and its CEO had taken part in fraudulent conduct. The latter
two sued Dow Jones in the English courts. The Master then gave them leave under
RSC, Ord. 11, r.4(2) to serve process abroad. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Upon review, the judge of the High Court of Justice saw the issue
as whether he should stay the proceedings on grounds that some court in the
United States would have jurisdiction over the case and would thus be the forum
conveniens. Finding an overwhelming case for trial in the United States, he set
aside the Master's order. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In the Court of Appeal, plaintiffs argued that the publication of
the libel in the U.K. constituted a distinct tort there and that only extreme
circumstances could justify the refusal to allow litigation in its courts.
Defendant contended, on the contrary, that any damage to plaintiffs'
reputations in the U.K. was de minimis, depriving its courts of being the forum
conveniens. The Court dismisses the appeal. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">It first notes that plaintiffs have the burden of showing good
reasons why the English courts should allow service of a writ calling for the
appearance of a foreign defendant before an English court. In deciding this
question, the court has to take into account the nature of the controversy, the
legal and practical issues involved, along with such questions as local
knowledge, the availability of witnesses and their evidence and overall
expense. The basic search is for the jurisdiction in which the parties may best
try the case in their own interests and for the ends of justice. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In the appellate Court's view, the judge below had taken all the
relevant circumstances of the case into consideration. On the sound assumption
that an "English tort" had occurred, he evaluated the circumstances
pertinent to the forum conveniens doctrine. These included the personal status
of the corporate plaintiff and its connections with the U.K., the business
status of the individual plaintiff and his connections with the U.K., the
status of the defendants, the extent of publication, the nature of the
publication, the meanings that plaintiffs attached to the article and the
juridical advantages and disadvantages in having an English tribunal hear the
case as opposed to leaving plaintiffs to judicially vindicate their reputations
in the United States.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The Court also pointed out that plaintiffs clearly had reputations
worthy of vindication in the United States. On the other hand, the evidence
that they had a similar reputation in England in August 1997 is vague and
imprecise. For instance, this libel took place merely four months after
plaintiffs had changed the name of their English subsidiary to include the word
"Osicom." </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Finally, there is no evidence in the record that any customer has
canceled an order with the company or its subsidiary because of the Barron's
article. In fact, plaintiffs' affidavits declared that the U.K. subsidiary is
continuing to grow. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Citation:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";"> Chadha & Osicom Technologies Inc.
v. Dow Jones & Co. Inc., [1999] I.L.Pr. 829, [1999] E.M.L.R. 724 (Ct. App.
(Civil) 1999).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-49840225486208078412018-07-14T15:03:00.004-07:002018-07-15T16:01:51.225-07:00First Circuit holds that shipment of vitrified nuclear waste on U.K. vessel sailing from France to Japan through United States' Exclusive Economic Zone in Caribbean was not "major federal action" so as to require U.S. to file Environmental Impact Statement under NEPA<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">First Circuit holds that
shipment of vitrified nuclear waste on U.K. vessel sailing from France to Japan
through United States' Exclusive Economic Zone in Caribbean was not "major
federal action" so as to require U.S. to file Environmental Impact
Statement under NEPA</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">On February 3, 1998, the Pacific Swan, a British-flag freighter,
passed through the Mona Passage between the Islands of Puerto Rico and
Hispaniola bound for Japan via the Panama Canal. Because it carried a cargo of
high-level, vitrified nuclear waste, Mayaguezanos por la Salud y el Ambiente
(MSA) and other environmental organizations along with fishermen groups were
afraid of an accident or maritime disaster. Several groups filed suit against the
United States and others to enjoin the vessel's passage until the U.S. had
filed an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) under the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The voyage in question forms part of a regular pattern of
circumferential trade in fissionable material. The U.S. sends uranium to Japan
to fuel its nuclear reactors. When the fuel is spent, Japan ships the material
to COGEMA for recycling at its plant in La Hague in France. This process turns
out a substantial portion of fissionable material reusable as fuel plus
high-level waste containing trace amounts of uranium and plutonium. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The French company vitrifies the waste and puts it in casks that
meet safe transport criteria laid down by the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA). The vitrification process changes the waste into a solid glass
form which is claimed to be very insoluble in water, resistant to heat, and
extremely stable. In sending the fuel and waste back to Japan, the parties use
specially-designed private ships that meet the safety standards of the
International Maritime Organization (IMO). The private shippers have a choice
of three routes back to Japan: the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Horn, or the Panama
Canal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The parties filed cross-motions for summary judgment. The District
Court denied injunctive relief and dismissed the complaint. MSA and others
noted an appeal. The U. S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit affirms.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The U.S. has two links to this trade. In the first place, the U.S.
had originally supplied the uranium to Japan pursuant to a 1988 agreement to
cooperate on the peaceful uses of atomic energy [see 1988 WL 582501, at 3].
Secondly, the transport of the waste through the Mona Passage means that the
ship sailed through non-territorial waters in which the U.S. has an interest.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">On appeal, MSA first argued that the transport of this waste
involved a "major federal action" under NEPA because the U.S. has a
significant role in transporting the waste under various international
agreements and customary international law. In reply, the U.S. contended that
the fact that private parties, not the U.S., are the primary ones who handle
the shipping deprived the voyage of any federal character. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">This Court approves the Fourth Circuit's reading of NEPA as
involving whether federal approval was a prerequisite to the private parties'
activity and whether a federal agency had some type of authority over the
outcome. MSA basically contended that the U.S. has impliedly consented to the
shipments under the U.S.--EURATOM Agreement as well as acted under the 1954
Atomic Energy Act (AEA) and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act (NNPA) of 1978.
It also argued that the U.S. had the power to stop shipments like this from
transiting the waters of its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ); its failure to do
so amounted to an implicit grant of authority.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The Court disagrees with plaintiffs. It explains that the AEA and
the NNPA require the U.S. to ship nuclear materials abroad only pursuant to
international agreements containing adequate safeguards and effective controls.
The 1988 Agreement with Japan exercised this authority.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">When the irradiated material leaves Japan for France, the
U.S.-EURATOM Agreement of 1996 applies. France and the U.K. are parties thereto
along with thirteen other European nations. This agreement also demands the
taking of "safeguards" against the misuse of nuclear materials for
other than peaceful purposes. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Once one of the parties has determined the materials to be no
longer usable for nuclear activity or to have become "practically
irrecoverable," the Agreement ceased to apply. Here, the appropriate
authority, which was not the United States, made that determination. For the same
reason, the IAEA also terminated its safeguards as to this shipment. As a
result, no "major federal action" was involved</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The second string to MSA's bow was that there was federal action
when the U.S. allowed the Pacific Swan to make use of the Mona Passage. The
Court preliminarily notes that there is at least a fifteen-mile-wide channel of
international waters in the straits between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola.
Moreover, even as to U.S. territorial waters, customary international law
recognizes a foreign vessel's right of innocent passage.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Though the Pacific Swan indisputably did not pass through U.S.
territorial waters, it presumably did transit its EEZ. The limited EEZ
interests of coastal states largely center on the development of natural
resources, the availability of scientific research and preventing oceanic
pollution</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">For example, there may be clear evidence that a foreign vessel has
discharged material that pollutes the EEZ or that may damage the coastline or
other national resources. In such a case, the coastal state may stop the
vessel, investigate its papers and otherwise conduct a relevant physical
inspection of the ship. In serious cases, the coastal state may file
proceedings to detain the vessel.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Foreign ships do not need U.S. permission to pass through its EEZ.
Moreover, no violation of U.S. economic interests has taken place here.
Although the U.S. has chosen to forego regulating shipments of nuclear waste
through its EEZ, the Court sees it as far from clear that it would have the power
to regulate under the facts of this case.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">"Under these circumstances, there is no major federal action.
Where this country's multilateral relationships are involved there is a
particularly heavy burden on Mayaguezanos to demonstrate a ‘major federal action'
for NEPA purposes, and thus to involve the courts. It has not come close. That
is not to say that Mayaguezanos's concerns about the safety of the shipments
are frivolous, a matter that we do not judge, only that such concerns should be
presented elsewhere. The grant of summary judgment for defendants is
affirmed." [Slip op. 7-8] </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Citation:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";"> Mayaguezanos por la Salud y el
Ambiente v. United States, No. 99-1412 (1st Cir. December 20, 1999).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4609101496224895367.post-118925553060793652018-07-14T15:03:00.002-07:002018-07-15T16:01:13.230-07:00In complex litigation over Texas company's provision of telephone services to Mexican customers, Fifth Circuit, using Texas choice-of-law doctrines based on Restatement of Conflicts, applies internal law of Texas to contract and tort issues<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In complex litigation
over Texas company's provision of telephone services to Mexican customers,
Fifth Circuit, using Texas choice-of-law doctrines based on Restatement of
Conflicts, applies internal law of Texas to contract and tort issues</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Telmex, the Mexican telephone company, had a monopoly on Mexican
telephone services until 1996. During 1993 and 1994, Access Telecom, Inc.
(ATI), a Texas corporation, was also providing telephone services to Mexican
customers. The customer would first call ATI in Texas which then would connect
the call to the intended destination. Telmex supplied phone service only within
Mexico while ATI afforded it in the U.S. and to the new destination.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The Mexican leg of each call came through toll-free numbers that
MCI had leased from Telmex and made available to ATI. ATI's services generally
lessened the cost of international telephone calls to and from Mexico.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">ATI also provided "call-back" service where the customer
called ATI. ATI did not answer these calls but instead used a kind of
"caller-ID" to call the customer back and then connect the call to
the desired number. [Editors' Note: "call back" telephone services
are still common in Latin American countries because of the high cost of
telephone services charged by the provider companies]. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In 1993, the Mexican Secretary of Communications and
Transportation (SCT) requested MCI to stop supplying "call-back
services." Shortly thereafter, Telmex demanded a list of MCI's customers
that provided these services. MCI eventually stopped affording telephone
services to ATI, and AT&T refused to offer services alternative to ATI. As
a result of the Mexican crack down, ATI, along with approximately 80 similar
companies, soon collapsed.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Two years later, MCI obtained an arbitration award of $1.2 million
from ATI covering ATI's unpaid phone bill. A few weeks later, ATI sued MCI,
Telmex, and SBC, a related company, in Texas state court for tortious
interference and contracts claims. Upon removal, the Texas federal court
dismissed the claims against Telmex for lack of personal jurisdiction. The
district court also denied ATI's motion for partial summary judgment that would
uphold the lawfulness of its activities, and granted the motion of MCI and SBC
for summary judgment on all of ATI's claims. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">ATI appealed the rulings adverse to it. The U.S. Court of Appeals
for the Fifth Circuit reverses and remands. [See also JURISDICTION (PERSONAL)
below.]</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">A threshold aspect of this case is how to characterize ATI's
business. The Court classifies ATI as an "exporter of U.S. phone
services" who incidentally and indirectly resold Mexican telecommunication
services. MCI was the reseller under a contract with Telmex.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">As between Texas and Mexico, the Court then had to decide (1)
which law governs ATI's tort claim; (2) which law governs the validity of the
contracts and prospective business relations that form the basis of the
tortious interference claims; and (3) whether, if applicable, Mexican law
invalidates the contracts for other reasons.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">The Court first notes that Texas uses the "most significant
relationship" test of the Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws,
Section 145 as to choice of law in torts. Section 145 focuses on the following
factors: (1) the place where the injury occurred, (2) the place where the
conduct causing the injury occurred, (3) the domicile, residence, nationality,
place of incorporation, and place of business of the parties, and (4) the place
where the relationship between the parties, if any, is centered. Under these
criteria, the Court rules, it would be reasonable to apply Texas tort law in
this case.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">As for contract choice of law, the Court notes that the contracts
at issue include ATI's contracts with its Mexican customers, ATI's contracts
with MCI, and ATI's prospective contracts with AT&T. Considering the
conflicts with Mexican authorities, there is also the question of whether these
contracts were valid under the internal law that governed the contract. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Here, the contracts with Mexican customers had choice-of-law
provisions that made Texas law applicable and specified Texas as the place of
contract formation. Texas ordinarily enforces choice-of-law provisions if the
chosen forum has a substantial relationship with the parties and the
transaction. See Restatement (Second) of Conflict of Laws, Section 187.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Following Section 187, however, Texas courts will not honor a
choice-of-law provision if another jurisdiction has a materially greater
interest than the chosen state and if application of the chosen law would
contravene that jurisdiction's fundamental policy. In the Court's analysis,
Texas law determines the validity of the contracts and of the prospective
contracts at issue. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">"Mexico would not have a fundamental policy contravened by
the application of Texas law in this case. The export of U.S. telecommunication
services and even the resale of Mexican services does not contravene Mexico's
legitimate monopoly over its domestic lines. Telmex can charge whatever it
likes for incoming and outgoing calls on its lines. The resale of the Mexican
leg either directly by MCI or indirectly by ATI is only profitable if Telmex
allows it to be. If Telmex sets a monopoly price for its initial service,
Telmex recoups all potential monopoly revenues from that fee. ... [...] Texas,
on the other hand, would have a fundamental policy contravened by the choice of
Mexican law (assuming Mexican law is different on the question on contract
validity), namely the ability of Texas companies to make valid export contracts
in Texas for the sale of U.S. services. [Slip op. 17-18]</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Under Texas law, a contract made with a view toward violating the
laws of another country is illegal. Texas courts will not enforce it even if it
does not otherwise offend either the laws of the forum or of the place where
the parties made their contract. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In applying the rule to this case, the Court declares: "There
are at least two reasons to defer to foreign law ... even if that law would not
be chosen to govern the contract. First, a contract legal in the U.S. and
illegal in Mexico may place parties in a dilemma. They can either perform the
contract and face Mexican liability (Mexico, after all, may have personal
jurisdiction over the parties). On the other hand, the parties can breach the
contract, but then face U.S. liability for contract damages. ... [...] A
second, but more important, reason to defer to foreign law even if it does not
apply to the contract is the mentioned principle of comity, which suggests that
the U.S. should respect Mexican law on a kind of 'golden rule' basis."
[Slip op. 22-23]</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">In this case, however, there is no "dilemma." These
facts do not serve as a defense to a claim of tortiously interfering with such
contracts because the alleged tortfeasor does not have to choose between
violating foreign law or suffering U.S. liability.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">"... Mexican law at the time was sufficiently unclear and
capable of multiple interpretations as to what was or was not legal. Such
difficulty in interpreting foreign law makes it unreasonable to conclude [that]
any contract was entered with a view to violate foreign law. ... While the
content of foreign law is a legal question, the question of ATI's intention is
not, and there is sufficient evidence to permit a jury to conclude ATI was
acting with the view that their services were legal; as such, summary judgment
against ATI on the tortious interference claims would be improper unless ATI's
activities were illegal under U.S. law or subject to another defence [sic]
..." [Slip op. 27-28]</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";">Citation:</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "courier";"> Access Telecom, Inc. v. MCI
Telecommunication Corp., No. 98-50881 (5th Cir. December 1, 1999).</span></div>
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**** Terik Hashmi is a business consultant serving businesses in the marketing realm. Among his clients are a medical service provider and an Online Reputation Management company. - Attorney Website at: https://terikhashmiattorney.com/ - Attorney Profile at: https://solomonlawguild.com/terik-hashmi%2C-esq# - Attorney News at https://attorneygazette.com/terik-hashmi%2C-consultant#eec97f53-49a0-4c94-869a-4847514cb694Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16833748525753774222noreply@blogger.com